Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 243-252 , June 2010

Role of spontaneous and assisted ventilation during general anaesthesia

  • Lennart Magnusson, MD, PhD (Privat Docent)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +41 26 426 74 24; Fax: +41 26 426 74 26.

References 

  1. Snow J. On chloroform and other anaesthetics: thier action and administration. London: Churchill; 1858;
  2. Wright PE, Marini JJ, Bernard GR, et al. In vitro versus in vivo comparison of endotracheal tube airflow resistance. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1989;140:10–16
  3. Bendixen HH, Hedley-White J, Laver MB. Impaired oxygenation in surgical patients during general anesthesia with controlled ventilation. A concept of atelectasis. New Engand Journal of Medicine. 1963;269:991–996
  4. Bendixen HH, Bullwinkel B, Hedley-Whyte J, et al. Atelectasis and shunting during spontaneous ventilation in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology. 1964;25:297–301
  5. Peppard SB, Dickens JH, Peppard SB, et al. Laryngeal injury following short-term intubation. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1983;92:327–330
  6. Domino KB, Posner KL, Caplan RA, et al. Airway injury during anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:1703–1711
  7. Mencke T, Echternach M, Kleinschmidt S, et al. Laryngeal morbidity and quality of tracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:1049–1056
  8. Thomas R, Kumar EV, Kameswaran M, et al. Post intubation laryngeal sequelae in an intensive care unit. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995;109:313–316
  9. Hove LD, Steinmetz J, Christoffersen JK, et al. Analysis of deaths related to anesthesia in the period 1996–2004 from closed claims registered by the Danish Patient Insurance Association. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:675–680
  10. Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R, et al. The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:977–984
  11. Berg H, Roed J, Viby-Mogensen J, et al. Residual neuromuscular block is a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications. A prospective, randomised, and blinded study of postoperative pulmonary complications after atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1997;41:1095–1103
  12. Lundstrom LH, Moller AM, Rosenstock C, et al. Avoidance of neuromuscular blocking agents may increase the risk of difficult tracheal intubation: a cohort study of 103,812 consecutive adult patients recorded in the Danish Anaesthesia Database. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;103:283–290
  13. Combes X, Andriamifidy L, Dufresne E, et al. Comparison of two induction regimens using or not using muscle relaxant: impact on postoperative upper airway discomfort. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2007;99:276–281
  14. Benoit Z, Wicky S, Fischer JF, et al. The effect of increased FIO(2) before tracheal extubation on postoperative atelectasis. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;95:1777–1781
  15. Griffin SM, Shaw IH, Dresner SM. Early complications after Ivor Lewis subtotal esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy: risk factors and management. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2002;194:285–297
  16. Tseuda K, Debrand M, Bivins BA, et al. Pulmonary complications in the morbidly obese following jejunoileal bypass surgery under narcotic anesthesia. International Surgery. 1980;65:123–129
  17. Duggan M, Kavanagh BP, Duggan M, et al. Atelectasis in the perioperative patient. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. 2007;20:37–42
  18. Pinsky MR, Pinsky MR. The hemodynamic consequences of mechanical ventilation: an evolving story. Intensive Care Medicine. 1997;23:493–503
  19. Feldman JM, Feldman JM. Pressure-support ventilation in the operating room. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:670–671
  20. Putensen C, Mutz NJ, Putensen-Himmer G, et al. Spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support improves ventilation-perfusion distributions in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999;159:1241–1248
  21. Rehder K, Marsh HM. Respiratory mechanics during anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. In:  Fishman AP,  Macklem PT,  Mead J,  Geiger SR editor. Handbook of physiology, section 3: the respiratory system. Mechanics of breathing. vol. 3:Bethesda: American Physiological Society; 1986;p. 737–752
  22. Keidan I, Fine GF, Kagawa T, et al. Work of breathing during spontaneous ventilation in anesthetized children: a comparative study among the face mask, laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000;91:1381–1388
  23. MacIntyre NR, Leatherman NE, MacIntyre NR, et al. Mechanical loads on the ventilatory muscles. A theoretical analysis. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1989;139:968–973
  24. Verghese C, Brimacombe JR, Verghese C, et al. Survey of laryngeal mask airway usage in 11,910 patients: safety and efficacy for conventional and nonconventional usage. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996;82:129–133
  25. Landreau B, Odin I, Nathan N, et al. Pulmonary aspiration: epidemiology and risk factors. Annales Françaises d’anesthèsie et de Rèanimation. 2009;28:206–210
  26. Brimacombe JR, Berry A, Brimacombe JR, et al. The incidence of aspiration associated with the laryngeal mask airway: a meta-analysis of published literature. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1995;7:297–305
  27. Keller C, Brimacombe J, Kleinsasser A, et al. Does the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway prevent aspiration of regurgitated fluid?. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000;91:1017–1020
  28. Brain AI, Verghese C, Strube PJ, et al. The LMA ’ProSeal’–a laryngeal mask with an oesophageal vent. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000;84:650–654
  29. Nott MR, Noble PD, Parmar M, et al. Reducing the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1998;15:153–157
  30. Lacau Saint GJ, Boisson-Bertrand D, Monnier P, et al. Lesions to lips, oral and nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea and esophagus due to endotracheal intubation and its alternatives. Annales Françaises d’anesthèsie et de Rèanimation. 2003;22:81s–96s
  31. Kuhlen R, Putensen C, Kuhlen R, et al. Maintaining spontaneous breathing efforts during mechanical ventilatory support. Intensive Care Medicine. 1999;25:1203–1205
  32. Putensen C, Zech S, Wrigge H, et al. Long-term effects of spontaneous breathing during ventilatory support in patients with acute lung injury. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001;164:43–49
  33. Christie JM, Smith RA, Christie JM, et al. Pressure support ventilation decreases inspiratory work of breathing during general anesthesia and spontaneous ventilation. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992;75:167–171
  34. Bosek V, Roy L, Smith RA, et al. Pressure support improves efficiency of spontaneous breathing during inhalation anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1996;8:9–12
  35. Putensen C, Hering R, Wrigge H, et al. Controlled versus assisted mechanical ventilation. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2002;8:51–57
  36. Brimacombe J, Keller C, Hormann C, et al. Pressure support ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure with the laryngeal mask airway: a randomized crossover study of anesthetized adult patients. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:1621–1623
  37. Banchereau F, Herve Y, Quinart A, et al. Pressure support ventilation during inhalational induction with sevoflurane and remifentanil in adults. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2005;22:826–830
  38. Hedenstierna G, Tokics L, Lundquist H, et al. Phrenic nerve stimulation during halothane anesthesia. Effects of atelectasis. Anesthesiology. 1994;80:751–760
  39. Jaber S, Tassaux D, Sebbane M, et al. Performance characteristics of five new anesthesia ventilators and four intensive care ventilators in pressure-support mode: a comparative bench study. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:944–952
  40. Eastwood PR, Platt PR, Shepherd K, et al. Collapsibility of the upper airway at different concentrations of propofol anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:470–477
  41. Nouraei SA, Giussani DA, Howard DJ, et al. Physiological comparison of spontaneous and positive-pressure ventilation in laryngotracheal stenosis. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2008;101:419–423
  42. Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M, et al. A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. New Engand Journal of Medicine. 1998;339:429–435
  43. Antonelli M, Conti G, Antonelli M, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients. Critical Care Medicine. 2000;4:15–22
  44. Keenan SP, Kernerman PD, Cook DJ, et al. Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on mortality in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure: a meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine. 1997;25:1685–1692
  45. Delay JM, Sebbane M, Jung B, et al. The effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to enhance preoxygenation in morbidly obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2008;107:1707–1713
  46. Coussa M, Proietti S, Schnyder P, et al. Prevention of atelectasis formation during the induction of general anesthesia in morbidly obese patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;98:1491–1495
  47. Rusca M, Proietti S, Schnyder P, et al. Prevention of atelectasis formation during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;97:1835–1839
  48. Ferrandiere M, Hazouard E, Ayoub J, et al. Non-invasive ventilation corrects alveolar hypoventilation during spinal anesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2006;53:404–408
  49. Kapala M, Meterissian S, Schricker T, et al. Neuraxial anesthesia and intraoperative bilevel positive airway pressure in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea undergoing elective sigmoid resection. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2009;34:69–71
  50. Terblanche N, Maxwell C, Keunen J, et al. Obstetric and anesthetic management of severe congenital myasthenia syndrome. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2008;107:1313–1315
  51. Warren J, Sharma SK, Warren J, et al. Ventilatory support using bilevel positive airway pressure during neuraxial blockade in a patient with severe respiratory compromise. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2006;102:910–911
  52. Guarracino F, Gemignani R, Pratesi G, et al. Awake palliative thoracic surgery in a high-risk patient: one-lung, non-invasive ventilation combined with epidural blockade. Anaesthesia. 2008;63:761–763
  53. Gonzales J, Lombard FW, Borel CO, et al. Pressure support mode improves ventilation in “asleep-awake-asleep” craniotomy. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2006;18:88
  54. Battisti A, Michotte JB, Tassaux D, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in the recovery room for postoperative respiratory failure: a feasibility study. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2005;135:339–343
  55. Yamada S, Nishimiya J, Kurokawa K, et al. Bilevel nasal positive airway pressure and ballooning of the stomach. Chest. 2001;119:1965–1966
  56. De Keulenaer BL, De BA, Schepens DR, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome related to noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine. 2003;29:1177–1181
  57. Jean-Lavaleur M, Perrier V, Roze H, et al. Stomach rupture associated with noninvasive ventilation. Annales Françaises d’anesthèsie et de Rèanimation. 2009;28:588–591
  58. Van de Louw A, Brocas E, Boiteau R, et al. Esophageal perforation associated with noninvasive ventilation: a case report. Chest. 2002;122:1857–1858
  59. McGrath JP, McCaul C, Byrne PJ, et al. Upper oesophageal sphincter function during general anaesthesia. The British Journal of Surgery. 1996;83:1276–1278
  60. Choy MC, Pescod D, Choy MCK, et al. Pneumothorax in association with spontaneous ventilation general anaesthesia–an unusual cause of hypoxaemia. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2007;35:270–273
  61. Coxon M, Sindhakar S, Hodzovic I, et al. Autotriggering of pressure support ventilation during general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2006;61:72–73
  62. Sheikh E, Maguire DP, Gratch D, et al. Autotriggering during pressure support ventilation due to cardiogenic oscillations. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2009;109:470–472
  63. Imanaka H, Nishimura M, Takeuchi M, et al. Autotriggering caused by cardiogenic oscillation during flow-triggered mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine. 2000;28:402–407
  64. Blitman NM, Lee HK, Jain VR, et al. Pulmonary atelectasis in children anesthetized for cardiothoracic MR: evaluation of risk factors. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2007;31:789–794
  65. von GA, Brimacombe J, Hormann C, et al. Pressure support ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure ventilation with the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway: a randomized crossover study of anesthetized pediatric patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2005;100:357–360
  66. Tuxen DV, Lane S, Tuxen DV, et al. The effects of ventilatory pattern on hyperinflation, airway pressures, and circulation in mechanical ventilation of patients with severe air-flow obstruction. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1987;136:872–879
  67. Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD, et al. Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1992;146:607–615
  68. Uchiyama A, Chang C, Suzuki S, et al. An expiratory assist during spontaneous breathing can compensate for endotracheal tube resistance. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2009;109:434–440

PII: S1521-6896(10)00025-X

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.02.008

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 24, Issue 2 , Pages 243-252 , June 2010

Article Tools