Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 22, Issue 3 , Pages 477-502 , September 2008

Bioterrorism and the anaesthesiologist's perspective

  • Sara Dichtwald, MD (Resident in the Department Anaesthesia & CCM)
  • ,
  • Avi A. Weinbroum, MD (Professor of Anaesthesiology and CCM, Director, Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +972 3 697 3237; Fax: +972 3 692 5749.

References 

  1. Reutter S. Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999;107:985–990
  2. Milby TH. Prevention and management of organophosphate poisoning. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971;216:2131–2133
  3. Tsao TC, Juang YC, Lan RS, et al. Respiratory failure of acute organophospate and carbamate poisoning. Chest. 1990;98:631–636
  4. Shafferman A, Ordentlich A, Barak D, et al. Aging of phosphylated human acetylcholinesterase: catalytic processes mediated by aromatic and polar residues of the active center. The Biochemical Journal. 1996;318:833–840
  5. Masuda N, Takatsu M, Morinari H. Sarin poisoning in Tokyo subway. Lancet. 1995;345:1446–1447
  6. Haley RW, Kurt TL. Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the gulf war. A cross-sectional epidemiologic study. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997;277:231–237
  7. Weinbroum A. Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of combat anticholinesterase poisoning. British Medical Bulletin. 2005;72:119–133
  8. Talmor D. Nonconventional terror: the anesthesiologist's role in a nerve agent event. Anesthesiology Clinics. 2007;25:189–199
  9. Zwiener RJ, Ginsburg CM. Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children. Pediatrics. 1988;81:121–126
  10. In:  Bar Meir E,  Friedman G editor. The White Book. 1st edn.. Tel Aviv: IDF-MC, Sarel; 2002;p. 66–67
  11. Senanayake N, de Silva HJ, Karalliedde L. A scale to assess severity in organophosphorus intoxication: POP scale. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1993;12:297–299
  12. Von Bredow JD, Adams NL, Groff WA, Vick JA. Effectiveness of oral pyridostigmine and cholinolytic-oxime therapy against soman intoxication in nonhuman primates. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1991;17:761–770
  13. Weinbroum A, Rudick V, Paret G, et al. Anesthesia and critical care considerations in nerve agent warfare trauma casualties. Resuscitation. 2000;47:113–123
  14. Sharabi Y, Danon YL, Berkenstadt H, et al. Survey of symptoms following intake of pyridostigmine during the Persian Gulf war. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 1991;27:656–658
  15. Luria S. Medical treatment of organoposphate casualties. In:  Bar Meir E,  Friedman L editor. The White Book. 1st edn.. Tel Aviv: Sarel; 2002;p. 66–67
  16. Ram Z, Molcho M, Danon YL, et al. The effect of pyridostigmine on respiratory function in healthy and asthmatic volunteers. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 1991;27:664–668
  17. Ellenhorn MJ. Chemical warfare. In:  Ellenhorn MJ editors. Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd edn.. Baltimore: Williams and Willkins; 1997;p. 1267–1304
  18. Ben-Abraham R, Weinbroum A. Resuscitative challenges in nerve agent poisoning. The European Journal of Medicine. 2003;10:169–175
  19. Wong L, Radic Z, Bruggemann RJ, et al. Mechanism of oxime reactivation of acetylcholinesterase analyzed by chirality and mutagenesis. Biochemistry. 2000;39:5750–5757
  20. Worek F, Szinicz L. Atropine and oxime treatment in lethal soman poisoning of anaesthetized guinea-pigs: Hlo7 dimethanesulfide versus HI6 dichloride. Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1993;72:13–21
  21. Ben-Abraham R, Rudick V, Weinbroum A. Practical guidelines for acute care of victims of bioterrorism: conventional injuries and concomitant nerve agent intoxication. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:989–1004
  22. Flaishon R, Sotman A, Friedman A, et al. Laryngeal mask airway insertion by anesthetists and nonanesthetists wearing unconventional protective gear. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:267–273
  23. Shemer J, Shapira SC. Terror and medicine-the challenge. The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ. 2001;3:799–802
  24. Flaishon R, Sotman A, Ben-Abraham R, et al. Antichemical protective gear prolongs time to successful airway management. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:260–266
  25. Ben-Abraham R, Gur I, Vater Y, Weinbroum A. Intraosseous emergency access by physicians wearing full protective gear. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2003;10:1407–1410
  26. Ben Abraham R, Paret G, Ogorek D, Weinbroum A. Anesthesia for gas casualties. Harefuah. 1999;137:569–573[Review. Hebrew]
  27. Thompson TG. Preparing for bioterrorism. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:776–777
  28. Kaji AH, Langford V, Lewis RJ. Assessing hospital disaster preparedness: a comparison of an on-site survey, directly observed drill performance, and video analysis of teamwork. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2008 Jan 10;[Epub ahead of print]
  29. Treat KN, Williams JM, Furbee PM, et al. Hospital preparedness for weapons of mass destruction incidents: an initial assessment. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001;38:562–565
  30. Gur I, Bar-Yishay E, Ben-Abraham R. Biphasic extrathoracic cuirass ventilation for resuscitation. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005;23:488–491
  31. Ben-Abraham R, Gur I, Bar-Yishay E, et al. Application of a cuirass and institution of biphasic extra-thoracic ventilation by gear-protected physicians. Journal of Critical Care. 2004;19:36–41
  32. Baker DJ. The CompPac: a new approach to field and general emergency ventilation. International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services. 1998;71:284–287
  33. Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M. The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2005;19:297–315
  34. Saladi RN, Smith E, Persaud AN. Mustard: a potential agent of chemical warfare and terrorism. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2006;31:1–5
  35. Newmark J, Langer JM, Capacio B, et al. Liquid sulfur mustard exposure. Military Medicine. 2007;172:196–198
  36. Eisenkraft A, Tashma Z, Luris S. Mustard gas – clinical implications and management. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism. 1st edn.. Lengerich: Pabst Science; 2003;p. 172–182
  37. Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997;278:399–411
  38. Lane HC, Fauci AS. Microbial bioterrorism. In:  Kasper DL,  Fauci AS,  Longo DL, et al. editor. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th edn.. New York: Mcgraw-Hill; 2005;p. 1279–1288
  39. Gilad J, Harary I, Dushnitsky T, et al. Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness. The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ. 2007;9:499–503
  40. Nofech-Mozes Y, Winder A, Tadmor B, et al. Anthrax – an overview, 2003. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism. 1st edn.. Lengerich: Pabst Science; 2003;p. 251–268
  41. Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;287:2236–2252[Review]
  42. Abrutyn E. Botulism. In:  Kasper DL,  Fauci AS,  Longo DL, et al. editor. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th edn.. New York: Mcgraw-Hill; 2005;p. 842–845
  43. Hatheway CL. Botulism: the present status of disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 1995;195:55–75
  44. Dennis DT, Campbell GL. Plague and other yersinia infections. In:  Kasper DL,  Fauci AS,  Longo DL, et al. editor. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th edn.. New York: Mcgraw-Hill; 2005;p. 921–929
  45. Bottone EJ. Yersinia enterocolitica: overview and epidemiologic correlates. Microbes and Infection. 1999;1:323–333[Review]
  46. Neff JM, Lane JM, Fulginiti VA, Henderson DA. Contact vaccinia – transmission of vaccinia from smallpox vaccination. The Israel Medical Association Journal: IMAJ. 2002;288:1901–1905[Review]
  47. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Poxvirus dilemmas – monkeypox, smallpox, and biological terrorism. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339:556–559
  48. Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001;285:2763–2773[Review]
  49. Borio L, Inglesby T, Peters CJ, et al. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;287:2391–2405[Review]
  50. Berger SA, Weinbroum A, Shapira I. Hemorrhagic fevers and bioterrorism. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism. 1st edn.. Lengerich: Pabst Science; 2003;p. 309–324
  51. Julander JG, Morrey JD, Blatt LM, et al. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of interferon alfacon-1 and ribavirin on yellow fever virus infection in a hamster model. Antiviral Research. 2007;73:140–146
  52. Burgess JL, Kirk M, Borron SW, Cisek J. Emergency department hazardous materials protocol for contaminated patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999;34:205–212
  53. Eisenkraft A, Rosenshtok E, Luria S. Personal protection against chemical and biological warfare agents. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism. 1st edn.. Lengerich: Pabst Science; 2003;p. 96–110
  54. In: IDF Medical Corps, Home Front Command  editors. Medical Guide for Evaluation and Treatment of Biological Warfare Casualties. 1st edn.. Jerusalem: Ministry of Health; 2000;
  55. Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999;281:1735–1745[Review]
  56. Shapira SC, Shemer J, Oren M. Hospital management of a bioterror event. In:  Shemer J,  Shoenfeld Y editor. Terror and Medicine: Medical Aspects of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Terrorism. 1st edn.. Lengerich: Pabst Science; 2003;p. 51–54
  57. Shemer J, Dannon YL. Eighty years of the threat and use of chemical warfare: the medical-organizational challenge. In:  Dannon YL,  Shemer J editor. Chemical Warfare Medicine. 1st edn.. Jerusalem: Gefen; 1994;p. 19
  58. De Lorenzo RA. Financing hospital disaster preparedness. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2007;22:436–469
  59. Khan AS, Ashford DA. Ready or not- preparedness for bioterrorism. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345:287–289
  60. Waeckerle JF. Domestic preparedness for events involving weapons of mass destruction. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000;283:252–255
  61. Szinicz L, Worek F, Thiermann H, et al. Development of antidotes: problems and strategies. Toxicology. 2007;233:23–30

PII: S1521-6896(08)00048-7

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2008.05.004

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 22, Issue 3 , Pages 477-502 , September 2008