Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 21, Issue 4 , Pages 431-447 , December 2007

Recovery and neurological evaluation

  • Neus Fàbregas, MD (Consultant Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona Associate Professor, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +34 93 227 5558; Fax: +34 93 227 9184.
  • Nicolas Bruder (Professor of anaesthesia and intensive care, Université de la Méditerranée Medical director of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hôpital Timone)

      Affiliations

    • Tel.: +33 491386547; Fax : +33 49138

References 

  1. Miller KA, Harkin CP, Bailey PL. Postoperative tracheal extubation. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995;80:149–172
  2. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Olson KF, et al. Multivariate determinants of early postoperative oxygen consumption in elderly patients. Effects of shivering, body temperature, and gender. Anesthesiology. 1995;83:241–249
  3. Frank SM, Higgins MS, Breslow MJ, et al. The catecholamine, cortisol, and hemodynamic responses to mild perioperative hypothermia. A randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:83–93
  4. Motamed S, Klubien K, Edwardes M, et al. Metabolic changes during recovery in normothermic versus hypothermic patients undergoing surgery and receiving general anesthesia and epidural local anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:1211–1218
  5. Lennon RL, Hosking MP, Conover MA, et al. Evaluation of a forced-air system for warming hypothermic postoperative patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1990;70:424–427
  6. Sharkey A, Lipton JM, Murphy MT, et al. Inhibition of postanesthetic shivering with radiant heat. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:249–252
  7. Breslow MJ, Parker SD, Frank SM, et al. Determinants of catecholamine and cortisol responses to lower extremity revascularization. The PIRAT Study Group. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:1202–1209
  8. Moore CM, Cross MH, Desborough JP, et al. Hormonal effects of thoracic extradural analgesia for cardiac surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995;75:387–393
  9. Yokoyama M, Itano Y, Katayama H, et al. The effects of continuous epidural anesthesia and analgesia on stress response and immune function in patients undergoing radical esophagectomy. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2005;101:1521–1527
  10. Gottschalk A, Berkow LC, Stevens RD, et al. Prospective evaluation of pain and analgesic use following major elective intracranial surgery. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2007;106:210–216
  11. Bilotta F, Caramia R, Paoloni FP, et al. Early postoperative cognitive recovery after remifentanil-propofol or sufentanil-propofol anaesthesia for supratentorial craniotomy: a randomized trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2007;24:122–127
  12. Gerlach K, Uhlig T, Huppe M, et al. Remifentanil-propofol versus sufentanil-propofol anaesthesia for supratentorial craniotomy: a randomized trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003;20:813–820
  13. Guy J, Hindman BJ, Baker KZ, et al. Comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial space-occupying lesions. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:514–524
  14. Lim SH, Chin NM, Tai HY, et al. Prophylactic esmolol infusion for the control of cardiovascular responses to extubation after intracranial surgery. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2000;29:447–451
  15. Todd MM, Warner DS, Sokoll MD, et al. A prospective, comparative trial of three anesthetics for elective supratentorial craniotomy. Propofol/fentanyl, isoflurane/nitrous oxide, and fentanyl/nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology. 1993;78:1005–1020
  16. Inagaki Y, Shindo H, Mashimo T, et al. The effects of epidural fentanyl on hemodynamic responses during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia and tracheal extubation: a comparison with intravenous fentanyl. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997;85:328–335
  17. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N, et al. Fentanyl attenuates cardiovascular responses to tracheal extubation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1995;39:85–89
  18. Conti J, Smith D. Haemodynamic responses to extubation after cardiac surgery with and without continued sedation. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998;80:834–836
  19. Kulkarni A, Price G, Saxena M, et al. Difficult extubation: calming the sympathetic storm. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2004;32:413–416
  20. Basali A, Mascha E, Kalfas I, et al. Relation between perioperative hypertension and intracranial hemorrhage after craniotomy. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:48–54
  21. Bryan RMJ. Cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism during stress. The American Journal of Physiology. 1990;259:H269–H280
  22. Bruder N, Pellissier D, Grillo P, et al. Cerebral hyperemia during recovery from general anesthesia in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;94:650–654
  23. Falero RA, Pereda AL, Rodriguez IF. Transient hyperemia immediately after rapid decompression of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:1468–1469
  24. Kim CH. Transient hyperemia immediately after rapid decompression of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:791–792
  25. Meyers PM, Phatouros CC, Higashida RT. Hyperperfusion syndrome after intracranial angioplasty and stent placement. Stroke. 2006;37:2210–2211
  26. Ogasawara K, Koshu K, Yoshimoto T, et al. Transient hyperemia immediately after rapid decompression of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:484–488Discussion 488–489
  27. Pfefferkorn T, Mayer T, Von Stuckrad-Barre S, et al. Hyperperfusion-induced intracerebral hemorrhage after carotid stenting documented by TCD. Neurology. 2001;57:1933–1935
  28. Bruder NJ. Awakening management after neurosurgery for intracranial tumours. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. 2002;15:477–482
  29. Brucia J, Rudy E. The effect of suction catheter insertion and tracheal stimulation in adults with severe brain injury. Heart and Lung. 1996;25:295–303
  30. Gemma M, Tommasino C, Cerri M, et al. Intracranial effects of endotracheal suctioning in the acute phase of head injury. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2002;14:50–54
  31. Leone M, Albanese J, Viviand X, et al. The effects of remifentanil on endotracheal suctioning-induced increases in intracranial pressure in head-injured patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004;99:1193–1198table of contents
  32. Constantini S, Cotev S, Rappaport Z, et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring after elective intracranial surgery. A retrospective study of 514 consecutive patients. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1988;69:540–544
  33. Vassilouthis J, Anagnostaras S, Papandreou A, et al. Is postoperative haematoma an avoidable complication of intracranial surgery?. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999;13:154–157
  34. Lazar RM, Fitzsimmons BF, Marshall RS, et al. Midazolam challenge reinduces neurological deficits after transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2003;34:794–796
  35. Lazar RM, Fitzsimmons BF, Marshall RS, et al. Reemergence of stroke deficits with midazolam challenge. Stroke. 2002;33:283–285
  36. Thal GD, Szabo MD, Lopez-Bresnahan M, et al. Exacerbation or unmasking of focal neurologic deficits by sedatives. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:21–25Discussion 29A-30A
  37. Bruder N, Stordeur J, Ravussin P, et al. Metabolic and hemodynamic changes during recovery and tracheal extubation in neurosurgical patients: immediate versus delayed recovery. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999;89:674–678
  38. Carrasco G, Molina R, Costa J. Propofol vs midazolam in short-, medium-, and long-term sedation of critically ill patients: A cost benefit analysis. Chest. 1993;103:557–564
  39. Chamorro C, de Latorre FJ, Montero A, et al. Comparative study of propofol versus midazolam in the sedation of critically ill patients: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial see comments. Critical Care Medicine. 1996;24:932–939
  40. Kress JP, O'Connor MF, Pohlman AS, et al. Sedation of critically ill patients during mechanical ventilation. A comparison of propofol and midazolam. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996;153:1012–1018
  41. Snellen F, Lauwers P, Demeyere R, et al. The use of midazolam versus propofol for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Intensive Care Medicine. 1990;16:312–316
  42. Muellejans B, Matthey T, Scholpp J, et al. Sedation in the intensive care unit with remifentanil/propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl: a randomised, open-label, pharmacoeconomic trial. Critical Care. 2006;10:R91
  43. Schubert A, Mascha EJ, Bloomfield EL, et al. Effect of cranial surgery and brain tumor size on emergence from anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:513–521
  44. Ziai WC, Varelas PN, Zeger SL, et al. Neurologic intensive care resource use after brain tumor surgery: an analysis of indications and alternative strategies. Critical Care Medicine. 2003;31:2782–2787
  45. Heinke W, Zysset S, Hund-Georgiadis M, et al. The effect of esmolol on cerebral blood flow, cerebral vasoreactivity, and cognitive performance: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:41–50
  46. Grillo P, Bruder N, Auquier P, et al. Esmolol blunts the cerebral blood flow velocity increase during emergence from anesthesia in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;96:1145–1149
  47. Muzzi D, Black S, Losasso T, et al. Labetalol and esmolol in the control of hypertension after intracranial surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1990;70:68–71
  48. Tietjen CS, Hurn PD, Ulatowski JA, et al. Treatment modalities for hypertensive patients with intracranial pathology: options and risks. Critical Care Medicine. 1996;24:311–322
  49. Hormann C, Luz G, Langmayr J, et al. Influence of urapidil on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in humans with uncompromised intracranial compliance. Intensive Care Medicine. 1995;21:853–855
  50. Singbartl G, Metzger G. Urapidil-induced increase of the intracranial pressure in head-trauma patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 1990;16:272–274
  51. Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Suri MF, et al. Length of stay and mortality in neurocritically ill patients: impact of a specialized neurocritical care team. Critical Care Medicine. 2004;32:2311–2317
  52. Teasdale G, Jennet B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2:81–84
  53. Spears J, TerBrugge KG, Moosavian M, et al. A discriminative prediction model of neurological outcome for patients undergoing surgery of brain arteriovenous malformations. Stroke. 2006;37:1457–1464
  54. Pollock BE, Brown RD. Use of the modified Rankin Scale to assess outcome after arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery. Neurology. 2006;67:1630–1634
  55. Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformation. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1986;65:476–483
  56. van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, et al. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988;19:604–607
  57. Jennet B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet. 1975;1:480–484
  58. Karnofsky DA, Abelman WH, Craver LF, Burchenal JH. The use of nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma. Cancer. 1948;1:634–656
  59. Zetterling M, Ronne-Engström E. High intraoperative blood loss may be a risk factor for postoperative hematoma. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2004;16:151–155
  60. Starmark JE, Stålhammar D, Holmgren E. The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Manual and guidelines. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1988;91:12–20
  61. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1975;12:189–198
  62. Einav S, Shoshan Y, Ovadia H, et al. Early postoperative serum S100β levels predict ongoing brain damage after meningioma surgery: a prospective observational study. Critical Care. 2006;10(6):1–10
  63. Brott T, Adams HP, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20:864–870
  64. Young FB, Weir CJ. Lees KR, for the GAIN international trial steering committee and investigators. Comparison of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale with disability outcome measures in acute stroke trials. Stroke. 2005;36:2187–2192
  65. Collin C, Wade DT, Davis S. The Barthel ADL Index; a reliability study. International Disability Studies. 1998;10:61–63
  66. Nemergut EC, Dumont AS, Barry UT, Laws ER. Perioperative management for patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2005;101:1170–1181
  67. Eloqayli H, Cappelen J, Vik A. Acute spontaneous subdural haematoma after transsphenoidal surgery. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2006;148:587–590
  68. Origitano TC, Petruzzelli GJ, Leonetti JP, Vandevender D. Combined anterior and anterolateral approaches to the cranial base: complication analysis, avoidance, and management. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(Suppl2):ONS327–ONS337
  69. Prabhakar H, Bithal PK, Grag A. Tension pneumocephalus after craniotomy in supine position. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2003;15:278–281
  70. Komotar RJ, Mocco J, Ransom ER, et al. Herniation secondary to critical postcraniotomy cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:286–292
  71. Komotar RJ, Ransom ER, Mocco J, et al. Critical postcraniotomy cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia: risk factors and outcome analysis. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:284–290
  72. Russell SM, Kelly PJ. Incidence and clinical evolution of postoperative deficits after volumetric stereotactic resection of glial neoplasms involving the supplementary motor area. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:506–516
  73. Mauro AM, Bomprezzi C, Morresi S, et al. Prevention of early postoperative seizures in patients with primary brain tumours: preliminary experience with oxcarbazepine. Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 2007;81:279–285
  74. Temkin NR. Antiepileptogenesis and seizure prevention trials with antiepileptic drugs: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Epilepsia. 2001;42:515–524
  75. Grossman R, Sadetzki S, Spiegelmann R, Ram Z. Haemorrhagic complications and the incidence of asymptomatic bleeding associated with stereotactic brain biopsies. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2005;147:627–631
  76. Samadani U, Stein S, Moonis G, et al. Stereotactic biopsy of brain stem masses: decision analysis and literature review. Surgical Neurology. 2006;66:484–491
  77. McGirt MJ, Woodworth GF, Coon AL, et al. Independent predictors of morbidity after image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy: a risk assessment of 270 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2005;102:897–901
  78. Binder DK, Rau GM, Starr PA. Risk factors for hemorrhage during microelectrode-guided deep brain stimulator implantation for movement disorders. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:722–732
  79. Khan RB, Gutin PH, Rai SN, et al. Use of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging in predicting early postoperative outcome of new neurological deficits after brain tumor resection. Neurosurgery. 2006;59:60–66
  80. Ulmer S, Braga TA, Barker FG, et al. Clinical and radiographic features of peritumoral infarction following resection of glioblastoma. Neurology. 2006;67:1668–1670
  81. Stranjalis G, Korfias S, Psachoulia C, et al. Serum S-100B as an indicator of early postoperative deterioration after meningioma surgery. Clinical Chemistry. 2005;51:202–207

PII: S1521-6896(07)00062-6

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2007.06.006

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 21, Issue 4 , Pages 431-447 , December 2007

Article Tools