Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 21, Issue 2 , Pages 257-270 , June 2007

Use of blood and blood products in trauma

  • Oliver Grottke, MD, MPH (Anaesthesiologist)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49 241 8088179; Fax: +49 241 8082406.
  • Rolf Rossaint, MD, PhD (Professor, Head of the Department of Anaesthesiology)

References 

  1. Gofrit ON, Leibovici D, Shapira SC, et al. The trimodal death distribution of trauma victims: military experience from the Lebanon War. Military Medicine. 1997;162:24–26
  2. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. The Journal of Trauma. 1995;38:185–193
  3. MacLeod JB, Lynn M, McKenney MG, et al. Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma. The Journal of Trauma. 2003;55:39–44
  4. Brohi K, Singh J, Heron M, Coats T. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. The Journal of Trauma. 2003;54:1127–1230
  5. Ferrara A, MacArthur JD, Wright HK, et al. Hypothermia and acidosis worsen coagulopathy in the patient requiring massive transfusion. American Journal of Surgery. 1990;160:515–518
  6. Krishna G, Sleigh JW, Rahman H. Physiological predictors of death in exsanguinating trauma patients undergoing conventional trauma surgery. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1998;68:826–829
  7. Yoshihara H, Yamamoto T, Mihara H. Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis occurring in dogs during hypothermia. Thrombosis Research. 1985;37:503–512
  8. Douning LK, Ramsay MA, Swygert TH, et al. Temperature corrected thrombelastography in hypothermic patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995;81:608–611
  9. Meng ZH, Wolberg AS, Monroe DM, Hoffman M. The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of factor VIIa: implications for the efficacy of high-dose factor VIIa in hypothermic and acidotic patients. The Journal of Trauma. 2003;55:886–891
  10. Rossaint R, Cerny V, Coats TJ, et al. Key issues in advanced bleeding care in trauma. Shock. 2006;26:322–331
  11. American College of Surgeons . Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) for Doctors. 7th edn.. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2004;
  12. Abramson D, Scalea TM, Hitchcock R, et al. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. The Journal of Trauma. 1993;35:584–588
  13. Davis JW, Parks SN, Kaups KL, et al. Admission base deficit predicts transfusion requirements and risk of complications. The Journal of Trauma. 1996;41:769–774
  14. Erber WN. Massive blood transfusion in the elective surgical setting. Transfusion and Apheresis Science. 2002;27:83–92
  15. Harvey MP, Greenfield TP, Sugrue ME, Rosenfeld D. Massive blood transfusion in a tertiary referral hospital. Clinical outcomes and haemostatic complications. The Medical journal of Australia. 1995;163:356–359
  16. Spahn D, Rossaint R. Coagulopathy and blood component transfusion in trauma. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2005;95:130–139
  17. Simmons RL, Collins JA, Heisterkamp CA, et al. Coagulation disorders in combat casualties. I. Acute changes after wounding. II. Effects of massive transfusion. 3. Post-resuscitative changes. Annals of Surgery. 1969;169:455–482
  18. Faringer PD, Mullins RJ, Johnson RL, Trunkey DD. Blood component supplementation during massive transfusion of AS-1 red cells in trauma patients. The Journal of Trauma. 1993;34:481–485
  19. Repine TB, Perkins JG, Kauvar DS, Blackborne L. The use of fresh whole blood in massive transfusion. Trauma. 2006;60:59–69
  20. Mabry RL, Holcomb JB, Baker AM, et al. United States Army Rangers in Somalia: an analysis of combat casualties on an urban battlefield. The Journal of Trauma. 2000;49:515–528
  21. Eberst ME, Berkowitz LR. Hemostasis in renal disease: pathophysiology and management. The American Journal of Medicine. 1994;96:168–179
  22. Valeri CR, Cassidy G, Pivacek LE, et al. Anemia-induced increase in the bleeding time: implications for treatment of nonsurgical blood loss. Transfusion. 2001;41:977–983
  23. Bombeli T, Spahn DR. Updates in perioperative coagulation: physiology and management of thromboembolism and haemorrhage. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004;93:275–287
  24. Peyrou V, Lormeau JC, Herault JP, et al. Contribution of erythrocytes to thrombin generation in whole blood. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999;81:400–406
  25. Moore FA, Moore EE, Sauaia A. An independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Archives of Surgery. 1997;132:620–624
  26. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, et al. Multiple organ failure can be predicted as early as 12 hours after injury. The Journal of Trauma. 1998;45:291–303
  27. Claridge JA, Sawyer RG, Schulman AM, et al. Blood transfusions correlate with infections in trauma patients in a dose-dependent manner. The American Surgeon. 2002;68:566–572
  28. Edna TH, Bjerkeset T. Association between blood transfusion and infection in injured patients. The Journal of Trauma. 1992;33:659–661
  29. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999;340:409–417
  30. McIntyre L, Hebert PC, Wells G, et al. Is a restrictive transfusion strategy safe for resuscitated and critically ill trauma patients?. The Journal of Trauma. 2004;57:563–568
  31. Malone DL, Dunne J, Tracy JK, et al. Blood transfusion, independent of shock severity, is associated with worse outcome in trauma. The Journal of Trauma. 2003;54:898–907
  32. Croce MA, Tolley EA, Claridge JA, Fabian TC. Transfusions result in pulmonary morbidity and death after a moderate degree of injury. The Journal of Trauma. 2005;59:19–23
  33. Hiippala S. Replacement of massive blood. Vox Sanguinis. 1998;74:399–407
  34. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy . Practice guidelines for blood component therapy. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:732–747
  35. College of American Pathologists . Practice parameters for the use of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and platelets. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994;271:777–781
  36. Ness P, Braine H, King K, et al. Single-donor platelets reduce the risk of septic platelet transfusion reactions. Transfusion. 2001;41:857–861
  37. Murray DJ, Pennell BJ, Weinstein SL, Olson JD. Packed red cells in acute blood loss: dilutional coagulopathy as a cause of surgical bleeding. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995;80:336–342
  38. Slichter SJ. Relationship between platelet count and bleeding risk in thrombocytopenic patients. Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 2004;18:153–167
  39. British Committee for Standards in Haematology Blood Transfusion Task Force . Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. British Journal of Haematology. 2003;122:10–23
  40. George JN, Woolf SH, Raskob GE, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a practice guideline developed by explicit methods for the American Society of Hematology. Blood. 1996;1:3–40
  41. Chen L, Bracey AW, Radovancevic R, et al. Clopidogrel and bleeding in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004;128:425–431
  42. Hardy JF, de Moerloose P, Samama CM, Members of the Groupe d'Interet en Hemostase Perioperatoire . Massive transfusion and coagulopathy: pathophysiology and implications for clinical management. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2006;53:40–58
  43. Kleinman S, Chan P, Robillard P. Risks associated with transfusion of cellular blood components in Canada. Transfusion Medicine Reviews. 2003;17:120–162
  44. Martin DJ, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, et al. Fresh frozen plasma supplement to massive red blood cell transfusion. Annals of Surgery. 1985;202:505–511
  45. Popovsky MA. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. In:  Popovsky MA editors. Transfusion Reactions. Bethesda: AABBPress; 2001;
  46. Phillips TF, Soulier G, Wilson RF. Outcome of massive transfusion exceeding two blood volumes in trauma and emergency surgery. The Journal of Trauma. 1987;27:903–910
  47. Wallace EL. Monitoring the nation's blood supply. Transfusion. 2003;43:299–301
  48. Stanworth SJ, Brunskill SJ, Hyde CJ, et al. Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Haematology. 2004;126:139–152
  49. Makris M, Greaves M, Phillips WS, et al. Emergency oral anticoagulant reversal: the relative efficacy of infusions of fresh frozen plasma and clotting factor concentrate on correction of the coagulopathy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1997;77:477–480
  50. Nitu IC, Perry DJ, Lee CA. Clinical experience with the use of clotting factor concentrates in oral anticoagulation reversal. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1998;20:363–367
  51. O'Shaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, et al. British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. British Journal of Haematology. 2004;126:11–28
  52. Menzebach A, Cassens U, Van Aken H, Booke M. Strategies to reduce perioperative blood loss related to non-surgical bleeding. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2003;20:764–770
  53. Makris M, Watson HG. The management of coumarin-induced over-anticoagulation. British Journal of Haematology. 2001;114:271–280
  54. Cote CJ, Drop LJ, Hoaglin DC, et al. Ionized hypocalcemia after fresh frozen plasma administration to thermally injured children: effects of infusion rate, duration, and treatment with calcium chloride. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1988;67:152–160
  55. Hedner U. Mechanism of action of factor VIIa in the treatment of coagulopathies. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 2006;32:77–85
  56. He S, Blomback M, Jacobsson Ekman G, Hedner U. The role of recombinant factor VIIa (FVIIa) in fibrin structure in the absence of FVIII/FIX. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2003;1:1215–1219
  57. Martinowitz U, Holcomb JB, Pusateri AE, et al. Intravenous rFVIIa administered for hemorrhage control in hypothermic coagulopathic swine with grade V liver injuries. The Journal of Trauma. 2001;50:721–729
  58. Kenet G, Walden R, Eldad A, Martinowitz U. Treatment of traumatic bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa. Lancet. 1999;354:1879
  59. O'Connell KA, Wood JJ, Wise RP, et al. Thromboembolic adverse events after use of recombinant human coagulation factor VIIa. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;18:293–298
  60. Dutton RP, Cooper C, Jones A, et al. Daily multidisciplinary rounds shorten length of stay for trauma patients. The Journal of Trauma. 2003;55:913–919
  61. Martinowitz U, Michaelson M. The Israeli Multidisciplinary rFVIIa Task Force Guidelines for the use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in uncontrolled bleeding: a report by the Israeli Multidisciplinary rFVIIa Task Force. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2005;3:640–648
  62. Boffard KD, Riou B, Warren B, et al. NovoSeven Trauma Study Group. Recombinant factor VIIa as adjunctive therapy for bleeding control in severely injured trauma patients: two parallel randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials. The Journal of Trauma. 2005;5:8–15
  63. Vincent JL, Rossaint R, Riou B, et al. Recommandations on the use of recombinant activated factor VII as an adjunctive treatment for massive bleeding - a European perspective. Critical Care. 2006;10:R120
  64. Hiippala ST, Myllyla GJ, Vahtera EM. Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995;81:360–365
  65. Innerhofer P, Fries D, Klingler A, Streif W. In vivo effect of haemodilution with saline on coagulation. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002;89:934–939
  66. Fries D, Innerhofer P, Reif C, et al. The effect of fibrinogen substitution on reversal of dilutional coagulopathy: an in vitro model. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2006;102:347–351
  67. Fries D, Krismer A, Klingler A, et al. Effect of fibrinogen on reversal of dilutional coagulopathy: a porcine model. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2005;95:172–177
  68. Hanley JP. Warfarin reversal. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004;57:1132–1139
  69. Preston FE, Laidlaw ST, Sampson B, Kitchen S. Rapid reversal of oral anticoagulation with warfarin by a prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex): efficacy and safety in 42 patients. British Journal of Haematology. 2002;116:619–624
  70. Evans G, Luddington R, Baglin T. Beriplex P/N reverses severe warfarin-induced overanticoagulation immediately and completely in patients presenting with major bleeding. British Journal of Haematology. 2001;115:998–1001
  71. Erber WN, Perry DJ. Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive haemorrhage. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology. 2006;19:97–112
  72. Kohler M. Thrombogenicity of prothrombin complex concentrates. Thrombosis Research. 1999;95:13–17
  73. Lusher JM. Thrombogenicity associated with factor IX complex concentrates. Seminars in Hematology. 1991;28:3–5
  74. Enderson BL, Chen JP, Robinson R, Maull KI. Fibrinolysis in multisystem trauma patients. The Journal of Trauma. 1991;31:1240–1246
  75. Engelman DT, Gabram SG, Allen L, et al. Hypercoagulability following multiple trauma. World Journal of Surgery. 1996;20:5–10
  76. Risberg B, Medegard A, Heideman M, et al. Early activation of humoral proteolytic systems in patients with multiple trauma. Critical Care Medicine. 1986;14:917–925
  77. Casati V, Sandrelli L, Speziali G, et al. Hemostatic effects of tranexamic acid in elective thoracic aortic surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002;123:1084–1091
  78. Mossinger H, Dietrich W, Braun SL, et al. High-dose aprotinin reduces activation of hemostasis, allogeneic blood requirement, and duration of postoperative ventilation in pediatric cardiac surgery. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2003;75:430–437
  79. Mahdy AM, Webster NR. Perioperative systemic haemostatic agents. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004;93:842–858
  80. Franck M, Sladen RN. Drugs to prevent and reverse anticoagulation. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. 1999;17:799–811
  81. Hoffmann H, Siebeck M, Thetter O, et al. Aprotinin concentrations effective for the inhibition of tissue kallikrein and plasma kallikrein in vitro and in vivo. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1989;247:35–42
  82. Royston D, Bidstrup BP, Taylor KM, Sapsford RN. Effect of aprotinin on need for blood transfusion after repeat open-heart surgery. Lancet. 1987;2:1289–1291
  83. Porte RJ, Leebeek FW. Pharmacological strategies to decrease transfusion requirements in patients undergoing surgery. Drugs. 2002;62:2193–2211
  84. Dietrich W, Spath P, Ebell A, Richter JA. Prevalence of anaphylactic reactions to aprotinin: analysis of two hundred forty-eight reexposures to aprotinin in heart opera-tions. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1997;113:194–201
  85. Mangano DT, Tudor IC, Dietzel C, Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group , Ischemia Research and Education Foundation . The risk associated with aprotinin in cardiac surgery. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354:353–365
  86. Karkouti K, Beattie WS, Dattilo KM, et al. A propensity score case-control comparison of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in high-transfusion-risk cardiac surgery. Transfusion. 2006;46:327–338
  87. http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infosheets/hcp/aprotininhcp.htm [accessed October 2006].
  88. Verstraete M. Clinical application of inhibitors of fibrinolysis. Drugs. 1985;29:236–261
  89. Henry DA, Moxey AJ, Carless PA, et al. Anti-fibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2001;1:CD001886
  90. Coats T, Roberts I, Shakur H. Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;CD004896
  91. www.crash2.LSHTM.ac.uk [accessed October 2006].
  92. Levi M, Cromheecke ME, de Jonge E, et al. Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant endpoints. Lancet. 1999;354:1940–1947
  93. Mannucci PM. Treatment of von Willebrand's Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351:683–694
  94. Mannucci PM. Hemostatic drugs. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;23(339):245–253
  95. Gratz I, Koehler J, Olsen D, et al. The effect of desmopressin acetate on postoperative hemorrhage in patients receiving aspirin therapy before coronary artery bypass operations. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1992;104:1417–1422
  96. Sheridan DP, Card RT, Pinilla JC, et al. Use of desmopressin acetate to reduce blood transfusion requirements during cardiac surgery in patients with acetylsalicylic-acid-induced platelet dysfunction. Canadian Journal of Surgery. 1994;37:33–36
  97. Pleym H, Stenseth R, Wahba A, et al. Prophylactic treatment with desmopressin does not reduce postoperative bleeding after coronary surgery in patients treated with aspirin before surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004;98:578–584
  98. Carless PA, Henry DA, Moxey AJ, et al. Desmopressin for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;1:CD001884

PII: S1521-6896(07)00017-1

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2007.02.001

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 21, Issue 2 , Pages 257-270 , June 2007