Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 21, Issue 1 , Pages 65-83 , March 2007

The impact of opioid-induced hyperalgesia for postoperative pain

  • Wolfgang Koppert (Priv.-Doz. Dr. med.)

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49 9131 853 3296.

References 

  1. Beck PW, Handwerker HO. Bradykinin and serotonin effects on various types of cutaneous nerve fibers. Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 1974;347:209–222
  2. Bessou P, Perl ER. Responses of cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated fibers to noxious stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1969;32:1025–1043
  3. Meyer RA, Campbell JN. Myelinated nociceptive afferents account for the hyperalgesia that follows a burn to the hand. Science. 1981;213:1527–1529
  4. Reeh PW, Bayer J, Kocher L, Handwerker HO. Sensitization of nociceptive cutaneous nerve fibers from the rat's tail by noxious mechanical stimulation. Experimental Brain Research. 1987;65:505–512
  5. Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Ringkamp M, et al. Limitation of sensitization to injured parts of receptive fields in human skin C-nociceptors. Experimental Brain Research. 1996;109:141–147
  6. Schmidt R, Schmelz M, Forster C, et al. Novel classes of responsive and unresponsive C nociceptors in human skin. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1995;15:333–341
  7. Ali Z, Meyer RA, Campbell JN. Secondary hyperalgesia to mechanical but not heat stimuli following a capsaicin injection in hairy skin. Pain. 1996;68:401–411
  8. LaMotte RH, Shain CN, Simone DA, Tsai EFP. Neurogenic hyperalgesia psychophysical studies of underlying mechanisms. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1991;66:190–211
  9. Raja SN, Campbell JN, Meyer RA. Evidence for different mechanisms of primary and secondary hyperalgesia following heat injury to the glabrous skin. Brain. 1984;107:1179–1188
  10. Simone DA, Baumann TK, LaMotte RH. Dose-dependent pain and mechanical hyperalgesia in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin. Pain. 1989;38:99–107
  11. Dickenson AH. Spinal cord pharmacology of pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995;75:193–200
  12. Schaible HG, Grubb B, Neugebauer V, Oppmann M. The effects of NMDA antagonists on neuronal activity in cats spinal cord evoked by acute inflammation in the knee joint. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1991;3:981–991
  13. Woolf CJ, Thompson SW. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain. 1991;44:293–299
  14. Abram SE, Yaksh T. Morphine, but not inhalation anesthesia, blocks post-injury facilitation. Anesthesiology. 1993;78:713–721
  15. Dahl JB, Kehlet H. The value of pre-emptive analgesia in the treatment of postoperative pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993;70:434
  16. Dahl JB, Rosenberg J, Dirkes WE, et al. Prevention of postoperative pain by balanced analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1990;64:518–520
  17. Kehlet H. Surgical stress: the role of pain and analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989;63:189–195
  18. Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1997;708:606–617
  19. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of multimodal or balanced analgesia in postoperative pain treatment. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993;77:1048–1056
  20. Woolf CJ, Chong MS. Preemptive analgesia – treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993;77:362–379
  21. Kest B, Sarton E, Dahan A. Gender-differences in opioid-mediated analgesia: animal and human studies. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:539–547
  22. Pleym H, Spigset O, Kharasch ED, Dale O. Gender differences in drug effects: implications for anesthesiologists. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003;47:241–259
  23. Freye E, Latasch L. Toleranzentwicklung unter Opioidgabe – Molekulare Mechanismen und klinische Bedeutung. Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie. 2003;38:14–26
  24. Kissin I, Bright CA, Bradley EL. Can inflammatory pain prevent the development of acute tolerance to alfentanil?. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001;92:1296–1300
  25. Ali NM. Hyperalgesic response in a patient receiving high concentrations of spinal morphine. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:449–450
  26. Arner S, Rawal N, Gustafsson LL. Clinical experience of long-term treatment with epidural and intrathecal opioids – a nationwide survey. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1988;32:253–259
  27. Doverty M, White JM, Somogyi AA, et al. Hyperalgesic responses in methadone maintenance patients. Pain. 2001;90:91–96
  28. Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C, et al. Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:409–417
  29. Angst MS, Clark JD. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:570–587
  30. Celerier E, Laulin J, Larcher A, et al. Evidence for opiate-activated NMDA processes masking opiate analgesia in rats. Brain Research. 1999;847:18–25
  31. Colpaert FC. System theory of pain and of opiate analgesia: no tolerance to opiates. Pharmacological Reviews. 1996;48:402
  32. Ossipov MH, Lai J, Vanderah TW, Porreca F. Induction of pain facilitation by sustained opioid exposure: relationship to opioid antinociceptive tolerance. Life Sciences. 2003;73:783–800
  33. Simonnet G, Rivat C. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: abnormal or normal pain. Neuroreport. 2003;14:1–7
  34. Solomon RL, Corbit JD. An opponent-process theory of motivation. Psychological Review. 1974;81:119–145
  35. Connor M, Christie MJ. Opiod receptor signalling mechanisms. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1999;26:493–499
  36. Claphan DE, Neer DJ. G protein βγ subunits. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1997;37:167–203
  37. Aimone LD, Yaksh TL. Opioid modulation of capsaicin-evoked release of substance P from rat spinal cord in vivo. Peptides. 1989;10:1127–1131
  38. Chang HM, Berde CB, Holz GG, et al. Sufentanil, morphine, met-enkephalin, and kappa-agonist (U-50,488H) inhibit substance P release from primary sensory neurons: a model for presynaptic spinal opioid actions. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:672–677
  39. Trafton JA, Abbadie C, Marchand S, et al. Spinal opioid analgesia: how critical is the regulation of substance P signaling. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1999;19:9642–9653
  40. Borgland SL. Acute opioid receptor desensitization and tolerance: is there a link?. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2001;28:147–154
  41. He L, Fong J, von Zastrow M. Regulation of opioid receptor trafficking and morphine tolerance by receptor oligomerization. Cell. 2002;108:271–282
  42. Kieffer BL, Evans CJ. Opioid tolerance – in search of the holy grail. Cell. 2002;108:587–590
  43. Keith DE, Murray SR, Zaki PA, et al. Morphine activates opioid receptors without causing their rapid internalization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996;271:19021–19024
  44. Whistler J, Chuang HH, Chu P, et al. Functional dissociation of m Opioid receptor signalling and endocytosis: implications for the biology of opiate tolerance and addiction. Neuron. 1999;23:737–746
  45. Fields HL, Bry J, Hentall I, Zorman G. The activity of neurons in the rostral medulla of the rat during wthdrawal from noxious heat. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1983;3:2545–2552
  46. Fields HL, Heinricher MM. Anatomy and physiology of a nociceptive modulatory system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1985;308:361–374
  47. Morgan MM, Fields HL. Pronounced changes in the activity of nociceptive modulatory neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla in response to prolonged thermal noxious stimuli. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1994;72:1161–1170
  48. Fields HL, Heinricher MM, Mason P. Neurotransmitters in nociceptive modulatory circuits. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 1991;14:219–245
  49. Heinricher MM, Morgan MM, Fields HL. Direct and indirect actions of morphine on medullary neurons that modulate nociception. Neuroscience. 1992;48:533–543
  50. Heinricher MM, Morgan MM, Fields HL. Disinhibition of off-cells and antinociception produced by an opioid action within the rostral ventromedial medulla. Neuroscience. 1994;63:279–288
  51. Chieng B, Williams JT. Increased opioid inhibition of GABA release in nucleus accumbens during morphine withdrawal. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;18:7033–7039
  52. Dickenson AH, Chapman V, Green GM. The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord. General Pharmacology. 1997;28:633–638
  53. Duttaroy A, Yoburn BC. The effects of intrinsic efficacy on opioid tolerance. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:1226–1236
  54. Basbaum AI. Distinct neurochemical features of acute and persistent pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999;96:7739–7743
  55. Martin WJ, Liu H, Wang H, et al. Inflammation-induced up-regulation of protein kinase Cgamma immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord correlates with enhanced nociceptive processing. Neuroscience. 1999;88:1267–1274
  56. Mayer DJ, Mao J, Holt J, Price DD. Cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, morphine tolerance, and their interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999;96:7731–7736
  57. Mayer DJ, Mao J, Price DD. The development of morphine tolerance and dependence is associated with translocation of protein kinase C. Pain. 1995;61:365–374
  58. Appleyard SM, Celver JP, Pineda V, et al. Agonist-dependent desensitization of the kappa opioid receptor by G protein receptor kinase and beta-arrestin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003;27:23802–23807
  59. Kovoor A, Celver JP, Wu A, Chavkin C. Agonist induced homologous desensitization of mu-opioid receptors mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases is dependent on agonist efficacy. Molecular Pharmacology. 1998;54:704–711
  60. Bot G, Blake AD, Li S, Reisine T. Fentanyl and its analogs desensitize the cloned mu opioid receptor. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1998;285:1207–1218
  61. Keith DE, Anton B, Murray SR, et al. Mu-opioid receptor internalization: opiate drugs have differential effects on a conserved endocytic mechansim in vitro and in the mammalian brain. Molecular Pharmacology. 1998;53:377–384
  62. Angers S, Salahpour A, Bouvier M. Dimerization: an emerging concept for G protein-coupled receptor ontogeny and function. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2002;42:409–435
  63. Jordan BA, Devi LA. G-protein coupled receptor heterodimerization modulates receptor function. Nature. 1999;399:700
  64. Avidor-Reiss T, Nevo I, Levy R, et al. Chronic opioid treatment induces adenyl cyclase V superactivation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1996;271:21309–21315
  65. Crain SM, Shen KF. Modulation of opioid analgesia, tolerance and dependence by Gs-coupled, GM1ganglioside-regulated opioid receptor functions. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1998;19:358–365
  66. Sharma SJ, Klee WA, Nirenberg M. Morphine receptors as regulators of adenylate cyclase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1975;72:590–594
  67. Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Spinal plasticity of acute opioid tolerance. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2000;7:200–212
  68. Li X, Clark JD. Hyperalgesia during opioid abstinence: mediation by glutamate and substance P. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;95:979–984
  69. Ingram SL, Vaughan CW, Bagley EE, et al. Enhanced opioid efficacy in opioid dependence is due to an additional signal transduction pathway. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;18:10269–10276
  70. Vaughan CW, Ingram SL, Connor MA, Christie MJ. How opioids inhibit GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Nature. 1997;360:611–614
  71. Kissin I, Brown PT, Bradley EL. Does midazolam inhibit the development of acute tolerance to the analgesic effect of alfentanil?. Life Sciences. 1992;52:55–60
  72. Kissin I, Lee SS, Arthur GR, Bradley EL. Effect of midazolam on development on acute tolerance to alfentanil: the role of pharmacokinetic interactions. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997;85:182–187
  73. Luger TJ, Hayashi T, Lorenz IH, Hill HF. Mechanisms of the influence of midazolame on morphine antinociception at spinal and supraspinal levels in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1994;271:421–431
  74. Luger TJ, Hayashi T, Weiss CG, Hill HF. The spinal potentiating effect and the supraspinal inhibitory effect of midazolam on opioid-induced analgesia. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1995;275:153–162
  75. Tejwani GA, Rattan AK, Sribanditmongkol P, et al. Inhibition of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence by a benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam in the rat. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993;76:1052–1060
  76. Elliott K, Minami N, Kolesnikov YA, et al. The NMDA receptor antagonists, LY274614 and MK-801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, attenuate analgesic tolerance to th mu-opioid morphine but not to kappa opioids. Pain. 1994;56:69–75
  77. Kolesnikov YA, Pick CG, Ciszewska G, Pasternak GW. Blockade of tolerance to morphine but not to k opioids by a nitric oxide synthese inhibitor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993;90:5162–5166
  78. Majeed NH, Przewlocka B, Machelska H, Przewlocki R. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthetase attenuates the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Neuropharmacology. 1994;32:189–192
  79. Przewlocki R, Machelska H, Przewlocka B. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enhances morphine antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Life Sciences. 1993;53:1–5
  80. Mao J, Price DD, Zhu J, et al. The inhibition of nitric oxide-activated poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase attenuates transsynaptic alteration of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and neuropathic pain in the rat. Pain. 1997;72:355–366
  81. Goldstein A, Tachibana S, Lowney LI, et al. Dynorphin-(1-13), an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1979;76:6666–6670
  82. Faden AI. Dynorphin increases extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids in the brain trough a non-opioid mechanism. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1992;12:425–429
  83. Gardell LR, Wang R, Burgess SE, et al. Sustained morphine exposure induces a spinal dynorphin-dependent enhancement of excitatory transmitter release from primary afferent fibers. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;22:6747–6755
  84. Skilling SR, Sun X, Kurtz HJ, Larson AA. Selective potentiation on NMDA-induced activity and release of excitatory amino acids by dynorphin: possible roles in paralysis and neurotoxicity. Brain Research. 1992;575:272–278
  85. Benoliel JJ, Bourgoin S, Mauborgne A, et al. Differential inhibitory/stimulatory modulation of spinal CCK release by mu and delta opioid agonists, and selective blockade of mu-dependent inhibition by kappa receptor stimulation. Neuroscience Letters. 1991;124:204–207
  86. Bourgoin S, Benoliel JJ, Collin E, et al. Opioidergic control of the spinal release of neuropetides. Possible significance for the analgesic effects of opioids. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1994;8:307–321
  87. Devillers JP, Labrouche SA, Castes E, Simonnet G. Release of neuropeptide FF, an anti-opioid peptide, in rat spinal cord slices is voltage- and Ca(2+)-sensitive: possible involvement of P-type Ca2+ channels. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1995;64:1567–1575
  88. Devillers JP, Boisserie F, Laulin JP, et al. Simultaneous activation of spinal antiopioid system (neuropeptide FF) and pain facilitatory circuitry by stimulation of opioid receptors in rats. Brain Research. 1995;700:173–181
  89. Gouarderes C, Tafani JA, Meunier JC, et al. Nociceptin receptors in the rat spinal cord during morphine tolerance. Brain Research. 1999;838:85–94
  90. Rattan AK, Tejwani GA. Effect of chronic treatment with morphine, midazolame and both together on dynorphin(1-3) levels in the rat. Brain Research. 1997;754:239–244
  91. Xu XJ, Puke MJC, Verge VMK, et al. Up-regulation of cholecystokinin in primary sensory neurons is associated with morphine insensitivity in experimental neuropathic pain in the rat. Neuroscience Letters. 1993;152:129–132
  92. Yang HY, Fratta W, Majane EA, Costa E. Isolation, sequencing, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of two brain neuropeptides that modulate the action of morphine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1985;82:7757–7761
  93. Yuan L, Han Z, Chang JK, Han JS. Accelerated release and production of orphanin FQ in the brain of chronic morphine tolerant rats. Brain Research. 1999;826:330–334
  94. Rizzi A, Bigoni R, Marzola G, et al. The nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist, [Nphe1]NC(1-13)NH2, potentiates morphine analgesia. Neuroreport. 2000;11:2369–2372
  95. Vanderah TW, Gardell LR, Burgess SE, et al. Dynorphin promotes abnormal pain and spinal opioid antinociceptive tolerance. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2000;20:7074–7079
  96. Vanderah TW, Ossipov MH, Lai J, et al. Mechanisms of opioid-induced pain and antinociceptive tolerance: descending facilitation and spinal dynorphin. Pain. 2001;92:5–9
  97. Watkins LR, Kinscheck IB, Mayer DJ. Potentiation of opiate analgesia and apparent reversal of morphine tolerance by proglumide. Science. 1984;224:395–396
  98. Watkins LR, Kinscheck IB, Mayer DJ. Potentiation of morphine analgesia by the cholecystokinin antagonists proglumide. Brain Research. 1985;327:169–180
  99. Kaplan H, Fields HL. Hyperalgesia during acute opioid abstinence: evidence for a nociceptive facilitating function of the rostral ventromedial medulla. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1991;11:1433–1439
  100. Vanderah TW, Suenaga NMH, Ossipov MH, et al. Tonic descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates opioid-induced abnormal pain and antinociceptive tolerance. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;21:279–286
  101. Heinricher MM, McGaraughty S, Grandy DK. Circuitry underlying antiopioid action of orphanin FQ in the rostral ventromedial medulla. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1997;78:3351–3358
  102. Heinricher MM, McGaraughty S, Tortorici V. Circuitry underlying antiopioid actions of cholecystokinin within the rostral ventromedial medulla. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2001;85:280–286
  103. Bie B, Pan ZZ. Presynaptic mechanism for anti-analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic actions of k-opioid receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;23:7262–7268
  104. Pasternak GW, Bodnar RJ, Clark JA, Inturrisi CE. Morphine-6-glucuronide, a potent mu agonist. Life Sciences. 1987;41:2845–2849
  105. Shimomura K, Kamata O, Ueki S, et al. Analgesic effects of morphine glucuronides. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1971;105:45–52
  106. Smith MT, Watt JA, Crammond T. Morphine-3-glucuronide – a potent antagonist of morphine analgesia. Life Sciences. 1990;47:579–585
  107. Yaksh TL, Harty GJ. Pharmakology of the allodynia in rats evoked by high dose intrathecal morphine. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1998;244:501–507
  108. Celerier E, Rivat C, Jun Y, et al. Long-lasting hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl in rats: preventive effect of ketamine. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:465–472
  109. Rivat C, Laulin JP, Corcuff JB, et al. Fentanyl enhancement of carrageenan-induced long-lasting hyperalgesia in rats: prevention by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:381–391
  110. Laulin JP, Maurette P, Corcuff JB, et al. The role of ketamine in preventing fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia and subsequent acute morphine tolerance. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;94:1263–1269
  111. Richebe P, Rivat C, Laulin JP, et al. Acute morphine tolerance in rats operated under fentanyl. Preventive effect of ketamine. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:A941
  112. Richebe P, Rivat C, Creton C, et al. Nitrous oxide revisited: evidence for potent antihyperalgesic properties. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:845–854
  113. Chia YY, Liu K, Wang JJ, et al. Intraoperative high dose fentanyl induces postoperative fentanyl tolerance. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999;46:872–877
  114. Kissin I, Bright CA, Bradley EL. Acute tolerance to continuously infused alfentanil: the role of cholecystokinin and N-methyl-d-aspartate-nitric oxide systems. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000;91:110–116
  115. Kissin I, Lee SS, Arthur GR, Bradley EL. Time course characteristics of acute tolerance development to continuously infused alfentanil in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996;83:600–605
  116. Kissin I, Bright CA, Bradley EL. The effect of ketamine on opioid-induced acute tolerance: can it explain reduction of opioid consumption with ketamine-opioid analgesic combinations?. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000;91:1483–1488
  117. Schraag S, Checketts MR, Kenny GN. Lack of rapid development of opioid tolerance during alfentanil and remifentanil infusions for postoperative pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999;89:753–757
  118. Vinik HR, Kissin I. Rapid development of tolerance to analgesia during remifentanil infusion in human. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998;86:1307–1311
  119. Gustorff B, Felleiter P, Nahlik G, et al. The effect of remifentanil on the heat pain threshold in volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001;92:369–374
  120. Gustorff B, Nahlik G, Hoerauf KH, Kress HG. The absence of acute tolerance during remifentanil infusion in volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;94:1223–1228
  121. Soltesz S, Biedler A, Silomon M, et al. Recovery after remifentanil and sufentanil for analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated patients after trauma or major surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001;86:763–768
  122. Wilhelm W, Dorscheid E, Schlaich N, et al. Remifentanil zur Analgosedierung von Intensivpatienten. Anaesthesist. 1999;48:625–629
  123. Cortinez LI, Brandes V, Munoz HR, et al. No clinical evidence of acute opioid tolerance after remifentanil-based anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001;87:866–869
  124. Angst MS, Koppert W, Pahl I, et al. Short-term infusion of the mu-opioid agonist remifentanil in humans causes hyperalgesia during withdrawal. Pain. 2003;106:49–57
  125. Hood DD, Curry R, Eisenach JC. Intravenous remifentanil produces withdrawal hyperalgesia in volunteers with capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;97:810–815
  126. Koppert W, Angst MS, Alsheimer M, et al. Naloxone provokes similar pain facilitation as observed after short-term infusion of remifentanil in humans. Pain. 2003;106:91–99
  127. Koppert W, Sittl R, Scheuber K, et al. Differential modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia and postinfusion hyperalgesia by S-ketamine and clonidine in humans. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:152–159
  128. Guignard B, Coste C, Costes H, et al. Supplementing desflurane-remifentanil anesthesia with small-dose ketamine reduces perioperative opioid analgesic requirements. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;95:103–108table
  129. Luginbühl M, Gerber A, Schnider TW, et al. Modulation of remifentanil-induced analgesia, hyperalgesia and tolerance by small-dose ketamine in humans. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;96:726–732
  130. Mao J, Price DD, Mayer DJ. Thermal hyperalgesia in association with the development of morphine tolerance in rats: roles of excitatory amino acid receptors and protein kinase C. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1994;14:2301–2312
  131. Stillman MJ, Moulin DE, Foley KM. Paradoxical pain following high-dose spinal morphine. Pain. 1987;4(supplement):
  132. Li X, Angst MS, Clark JD. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and incisional pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001;93:204–209
  133. Li X, Angst MS, Clark JD. A murine model of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 2001;86:56–62
  134. Manning B, Mao J, Frenk H, et al. Continuous co-administration of dextromethorphan or MK-801 with morphine: attenuation of morphine dependence and naloxone-reversible attenuation of morphine tolerance. Pain. 1996;67:79–88
  135. Mao J, Price DD, Caruso F, Mayer DJ. Oral administration of dextromethorphan prevents the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in rats. Pain. 1996;67:361–368
  136. Mao J, Price DD, Mayer DJ. Mechanisms of hyperalgesia and morphine tolerance: a current view of their possible interactions. Pain. 1995;62:259–274
  137. Adriaenssens G, Vermeyen KM, Hoffmann VL, et al. Postoperative analgesia with i.v. patient-controlled morphine: effect of adding ketamine. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999;83:393–396
  138. Katz NP. Morphidex (MS:DM) double-blind, multiple-dose studies in chronic pain patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000;19:S37–S41
  139. Weinbroum AA. A single small dose of postoperative ketamine provides rapid and sustained improvement in morphine analgesia in the presence of morphine-resistant pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;96:789–795
  140. Sjogren P, Dragsted L, Christensen CB. Myoclonic spasms during treatment with high doses of intravenous morphine in renal failure. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1993;37:780–782
  141. Smith GD, Smith MT. Morphin-3-glucuronide: evidence to support its role in the development of tolerance to the antinozizeptive effects of morphine in the rat. Pain. 1995;62:51–60
  142. Smith MT. Neuroexcitatory effects of morphine and hydromorphone: evidence implicating the 3-glucuronide metabolites. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2000;27:524–528
  143. Sjogren P, Jensen NH, Jensen TS. Disappearence of morphine-induced hyperalgesia after discontinuing or substituting with other opioid agonists. Pain. 1994;59:313–316
  144. Ebert B, Andersen S, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Ketobemidone, methadone and pethidine are noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in the rat cortex and spinal cord. Neuroscience Letters. 1995;187:165–168
  145. Gorman AL, Elliott KJ, Inturrisi CE. The d- and l-isomers of methadone bind to the non-competitive site on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in rat forebrain and spinal cord. Neuroscience Letters. 1997;223:1–4
  146. Carpenter KJ, Chapman V, Dickenson AH. Neuronal inhibitory effects of methadone are predominantly opioid receptor mediated in the rat spinal cord in vivo. European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2000;4:19–26
  147. Bulka A, Plesan A, Xu XJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Reduced tolerance to the anti-hyperalgesic effect of methadone in comparison to morphine in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Pain. 2002;95:103–109
  148. Doverty M, Somogyi AA, White JM, et al. Methadone maintenance patients are cross-tolerant to the antinociceptive effects of morphine. Pain. 2001;93:155–163
  149. Davis AM, Inturrisi CE. D-methadone blocks morphine tolerance and N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced hyperalgesia. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999;289:1048–1053
  150. Stevens CW, Yaksh TL. Potency of infused spinal antinociceptive agents is inversely related to magnitude of tolerance after continuous infusion. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1989;250:1–8
  151. Compton P, Charuvastra VC, Ling W. Pain intolerance in opioid-maintained former opiate addicts: effect of long-acting maintenance agent. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2001;63:139–146
  152. Clark JD. Comment on: Doverty, et al., Hyperalgesic responses in methadone maintenance patients. Pain. 2002;99:608–609
  153. Larcher A, Laulin JP, Celerier E, et al. Acute tolerance associated with a single opiate administration: involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate-dependent pain facilitatory systems. Neuroscience. 1998;84:583–589
  154. Laulin JP, Larcher A, Celerier E, et al. Long-lasting increased pain sensitivity in rat following exposure to heroin for the first time. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;10:782–785
  155. Celerier E, Laulin JP, Corcuff JB, et al. Progressive enhancement of delayed hyperalgesia induced by repeated heroin administration: a sensitization process. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;21:4074–4080
  156. Laulin JP, Celerier E, Larcher A, et al. Opiate tolerance to daily heroin administration: an apparent phenomenon associated with enhanced pain sensitivity. Neuroscience. 1999;89:631–636
  157. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Katz J. Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute postoperative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain. 1999;82:111–125
  158. Chia YY, Liu K, Chow LH, et al. The preoperative administration of intravenous dextromethorphan reduces postoperative morphine consumption. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999;89:752
  159. Weinbroum AA, Bender B, Bickels J, et al. Preoperative and postoperative dextromethorphan provides sustained reduction in postoperative pain and patient-controlled epidural analgesia requirement: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in lower-body bone malignancy-operated patients. Cancer. 2003;97:2334–2340
  160. Weinbroum AA, Gorodetzky A, Nirkin A, et al. Dextromethorphan for the reduction of immediate and late postoperative pain and morphine consumption in orthopedic oncology patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Cancer. 2002;95:1164–1170
  161. Bernard JM, Hommeril JL, Passuti N, Pinaud M. Postoperative analgesia by intravenous clonidine. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:577–582
  162. De Kock MF, Crochet B, Morimont C, Scholtes JL. Intravenous or epidural clonidine for intra and postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:525–531
  163. De Kock MF, Pichon G, Scholtes JL. Intraoperative clonidine enhances postoperative morphine patient-controlled analgesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 1992;39:537–544
  164. Spaulding TC, Fielding S, Venafro JJ, Lal H. Antinociceptive activity of clonidine and its potentiation of morphine analgesia. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1979;58:19–25
  165. Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999;288:1107–1116
  166. Gowing LR, Farrell M, Ali RL, White JM. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists in opioid withdrawal. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002;97:49–58
  167. Bie B, Fields HL, Williams JT, Pan ZZ. Roles of a1- and a2-adrenoreceptors in the nucleus raphe magnus in opioid analgesia and opioid abstinence-induced hyperalgesia. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;23:7950–7957
  168. Joshi W, Connelly NR, Reuben SS, et al. An evaluation of the safety and efficacy of administering rofecoxib for postoperative pain management. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003;97:35–38
  169. Reuben SS, Bhopatkar M, Maciolek H, et al. Preemptive analgesic effect of refecoxib after ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;94:55–59
  170. Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL. Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P receptor blocked by spinal cyclooxygenase inhibition. Science. 1992;257:1276–1279
  171. Malmberg AB, Yaksh TL. Cyclooxygenase inhibition and the spinal release of prostaglandin E2 and amino acids evoked by paw formalin injection: a microdialysis study in unanesthetized rats. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1995;15:2768–2776
  172. Lee SC, Wang JJ, Ho ST, Tao PL. Nalbuphine coadministered with morphine prevents tolerance and dependence. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997;84:810–815
  173. Tao PL, Hwang CL, Chen CY. U-50,488 blocks the development of morphine tolerance and dependence at very low dose in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1994;256:281–286
  174. Yamamoto T, Ohno M, Ueki S. A selective k-agonist, U-50,488H, blocks the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1988;156:173–176
  175. Likar R, Griessinger N, Sadjak A, Sittl R. Transdermales Buprenorphin für die Behandlung chronischer Tumor- und Nicht-Tumorschmerzen. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 2003;153:317–322
  176. Koppert W, Ihmsen H, Koerber N, et al. Different profiles of buprenorphine-induced analgesia and antihyperalgesia in a human pain model. Pain. 2005;118:15–22
  177. Bruera E, Peirera J, Watanabe C, et al. Opioid rotation in patients with cancer pain. A retrospective comparison of dose ratios between methadone, hydromorphone, and morphine. Cancer. 1996;78:852–857
  178. Mercadante S. Opioid rotation for cancer pain: rationale and clinical aspects. Cancer. 1999;86:1856–1866
  179. Thomsen AB, Becker N, Eriksen J. Opioid rotation in chronic non-malignant pain patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999;43:918–923
  180. Morley JS, Watt JW, Wells JC, et al. Methadone in pain uncontrolled by morphine. Lancet. 1993;342:1243
  181. Williams PI, Sarginson RE, Ratcliffe JM. Use of methadone in the morphine-tolerant burned paediatric patient. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998;80:92–95
  182. Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Brull SJ. Preemptive analgesia I: physiological pathways and pharmacolocigal modalities. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001;48:1000–1010
  183. Kelly DJ, Ahmad M, Brull SJ. Preemptive analgesia II: recent advances and current trends. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001;48:1091–1101
  184. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:725–741

PII: S1521-6896(06)00085-1

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2006.12.004

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 21, Issue 1 , Pages 65-83 , March 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution