Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 20, Issue 2 , Pages 265-283 , June 2006

Fluid therapy for the surgical patient

References 

  1. Scheingraber S, Rehm M, Sehmisch C, Finsterer U. Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloraemic acidosis in patients undergoing gynaecologic surgery. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1265–1270
  2. Waters JH, Miller LR, Clalk S, Kim JV. Cause of metabolic acidosis in prolonged surgery. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:2142–2146
  3. Prough DS, Bidani A. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a predictable consequence of intraoperative infusion of 0.9% saline. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1243–1254
  4. Collins JV, Cochrane GM, Davis J, et al. Some aspects of pulmonary function after rapid saline infusion in healthy subjects. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1973;45:407–410
  5. Holte K, Jensen P, Kehlet H. Physiologic effects of intravenous fluid administration in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1504–1509
  6. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, et al. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1812–1818
  7. Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G, et al. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intra-abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:25–32
  8. Lang K, Boldt J, Suttner S, Haisch G. Colloids versus crystalloids and tissue oxygen tension in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:405–409
  9. Cooperman LH, Price HL. Pulmonary edema in the operative and postoperative period: a review of 40 cases. Ann Surg. 1970;172:883–891
  10. Stein L, Beraud J, Morisette M, et al. Pulmonary edema during volume infusion. Circulation. 1975;52:483–489
  11. Brandstrup B, Tønnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. The danish study group on perioperative fluid therapy. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens. A randomized assessor blinded multi centre trial. Ann Surg. 2003;238:641–648
  12. Arieff AI. Fatal postoperative pulmonary edema. Pathogenesis and literature review. Chest. 1999;115:1371–1377
  13. Mills M. The clinical syndrome. J Trauma. 1968;8:651–655
  14. Simmons RL, Heisterkamp CA, Moseley RV, Doty DB. Post resuscitative blood volumes in combat casualties. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1969;128:1193–1201
  15. Stein L, Beraud J, Cavanilles J, et al. Pulmonary edema during fluid infusion in the absence of heart failure. J Am Med Assoc. 1974;229:65–68
  16. Bennett-Guerrero E, Feierman DE, Barclay GR, et al. Preoperative and intraoperative predictors of postoperative morbidity, poor graft function, and early rejection in 190 patients undergoing liver transplantation. Arch Surg. 2001;136:1177–1183
  17. Calligaro KD, Azurin DJ, Dougherty MJ, et al. Pulmonary risk factors of elective abdominal aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1993;18:914–920
  18. Møller AM, Pedersen T, Svendsen P-E, Engquist A. Perioperative risk factors in elective pneumonectomy: the impact of excess fluid balance. Eur J Anaesth. 2002;19:57–62
  19. Patel RL, Townsend ER, Fountain SW. Elective pneumonectomy: factors associated with morbidity and operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:88
  20. Lowell JA, Schifferdecker C, Driscoll DF, et al. Postoperative fluid overload: not a benign problem. Crit Care Med. 1990;18:728–733
  21. Perco MJ, Jarnvig I, Højgaard-Rasmussen N, et al. Electric impedance for evaluation of body fluid balance in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:44–48
  22. Sun X, Iles M, Weissman C. Physiologic variables and fluid resuscitation in the postoperative intensive care unit patient. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:555–561
  23. Rasmussen LA, Rosenberg J, Crawford ME, Kehlet H. Perioperativ væskebehandling en kvalitetsundersøgelse. Ugeskr Laeger. 1996;158:5286–5290
  24. Brandstrup B, Svendsen C, Engquist A. Hemorrhage and surgery cause a contraction of the extra cellular space needing replacement—evidence and implications. A systematic review. Surgery; in press.
  25. Reithner L, Johansson H, Strouth L. Insensible perspiration during anaesthesia and surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1980;24:362–366
  26. A report by the American society of anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting, practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures. Anesthesiology 1999;90: p. 896–905.
  27. Ljungqvist O, Thorell A, Gutniak M, et al. Glucose infusion in stead of preoperative fasting reduces postoperative insulin resistance. J Am Coll Surg. 1994;178:329–336
  28. Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrates and postoperative insulinresistance. Clin Nutr. 1999;18:117–120
  29. Hausel J, Nygren J, Almström C, et al. Perioperative oral carbohydrate improve well being after elektive colorectal surgery. Clin Nutr. 1999;18(supplement 1):21
  30. Henriksen MG. Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:191–199
  31. Cook R, Anderson S, Riseborough M, Blogg CE. Intravenous fluid load and recovery. A double-blind comparison in gynaecological patients who had day-case laparoscopy. Anaesthesia. 1990;45:826–830
  32. McCaul C, Moran C, O'Cronin D, et al. Intravenous fluid loading with or without supplementary dextrose does not prevent nausea, vomiting and pain after laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth. 2003;5:440–444
  33. Alpert RA, Roizen MF, Hamilton WK, et al. Intraoperative urinary output does not predict postoperative renal function in patients undergoing abdominal aortic revascularization. Surgery. 1984;95:707–711
  34. Priano LL, Smith JD, Cohen JI, Everts EE. Intravenous fluid administration and urine output during radical neck surgery. Head Neck. 1993;15:208–215
  35. Lamke LO, Nielsson GE, Reithner HL. Water loss by evaporation from the abdominal cavity during surgery. Acta Chir Scand. 1977;143:279–284
  36. Roe CF. Effect of bowel exposure on body temperature during surgical operations. Am J Surg. 1971;122:13–15
  37. Carrico CJ, Canizaro PC, Shires GT. Fluid resuscitation following injury: rationale for the use of balanced salt solutions. Crit Care Med. 1976;4:46–54
  38. Chan STF, Kapadia CR, Johnson AW, et al. Extracellular fluid volume expansion and third space sequestration at the site of small bowel anastomosis. Br J Surg. 1983;70:36–39
  39. Kaye AD, Grogono AW. Fluid and electrolyte physiology. In:  Miller RD,  Cucchiara RF,  Miller ED,  Reves JG,  Roizen MF,  Savarese JJ editor. Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 1606–1607
  40. Shires T, Brown FT, Canizaro PC, Summerville N. Distributional changes in extra cellular fluid during acute hemorrhagic shock. Surg Forum. 1960;11:115–117
  41. Shires T, Williams J, Brown F. Acute changes in extracellular fluids associated with major surgical procedures. Ann Surg. 1961;154:803–810
  42. Carrico CJ, Coln CD, Shires GT. Salt administration during surgery. Surg Forum. 1966;17:59–61
  43. Beall AC, Johnson PC, Shirkey AL, et al. Effects of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass on extracellular fluid volume and total body water in man. Circulation. 1964;29:59–62
  44. Gumpert JRW, Zollinger RM, Moore FD. Extracellular fluid volume changes following major surgery. Br J Surg. 1968;55:382
  45. Gutelius JR, Shizgal HM, Lopez G. The effect of trauma on extracellular water volume. Arch Surg. 1968;97:206–214
  46. Kragelund E. Changes of the apparent 3HOH, 82Br, 125I human albumin and 51Cr red blood cell dilution volumes before, during and after operation in human subjects. Ann Surg. 1970;172:116–124
  47. Nielsen OM. Extracellular fluid and colloid osmotic pressure in abdominal vascular surgery. A study of volume changes. Dan Med Bull. 1991;38:9–21
  48. Anderson RW, James PM, Bredenberg CE, et al. Extracellular fluid and plasma volume studies on casualties in The Republic of Viet Nam. Surg Forum. 1967;18:32–34
  49. Doty DB, Hufnagel HV, Moseley RV. The distribution of body fluids following hemorrhage and resuscitation in combat casualties. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1970;130:453–458
  50. Albert SN, Shibuya J, Custeau P, et al. A simplified method for measuring the volume of extracellular fluid by radioactive sulphur (S35). South Med J. 1967;60:933–939
  51. Ariel IM. Metabolic alterations induced by intra-abdominal operations. Ann Surg. 1953;138:186–202
  52. Aronstam EM, Schmidt CH, Jenkins E. Body fluid shifts, sodium and potassium in patients undergoing thoracic surgical procedures. Ann Surg. 1953;137:316–324
  53. Bock JC, Barker BC, Clinton AG. Post-traumatic changes in, and effect of colloid osmotic pressure on the distribution of body water. Ann Surg. 1989;210:395–403
  54. Breckenridge IM, Digerness SB, Kirklin JW. Validity of concept of increased extracellular fluid after open heart surgery. Surg Forum. 1969;20:53–56
  55. Breckenridge IM, Digerness SB, Kirklin JW. Increased extracellular fluid after open intracardiac operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1970;131:53–56
  56. Cleland J, Pluth JR, Tauxe WN, et al. Blood volume and body fluid compartment changes soon after closed and open intracardiac surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1966;52:698–705
  57. Cohn LH, Angell WW. Relative extracellular fluid deficits in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. Surg Forum. 1971;22:151–152
  58. Crystal RG, Baue AF. Influence of hemorrhagic hypotension on measurements of the extracellular fluid volume. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1969;129:576–582
  59. Crystal RG, Baue AF. Effects of nephrectomy and urethral occlusion on extracellular fluid measurements during shock. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1970;131:1109–1114
  60. DeGosse JJ, Randall HT, Habif DV, Roberts KE. The mechanism of hyponatriemia and hypotonicity after surgical trauma. Surgery. 1956;40:27–36
  61. Furneaux RW, Tracy GD. The validity of the isotope dilution method of measuring extracellular fluid volume after acute haemorrhage. Aust J Exp Biol Sci. 1970;48:407–415
  62. Gilder H, Cortese AF, Loehr WJ, et al. Dilution studies in experimental hemorrhage and endotoxic shock: a critical look at the excessive deficits in shocked dogs. Ann Surg. 1970;171:42–50
  63. Hoye RC, Voightlander V, Plantin LO, Birke G. Changes in total circulating albumin, plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume with haemorrhage and the response to hydrocortisone. Acta Chir Scand. 1971;137:299–304
  64. Ladegaard-Pedersen HJ, Engell HC. A comparison between the changes in the distribution volumes of Inulin and 51Cr-EDTA after major surgery. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1975;35:109–113
  65. Larsson M, Nylander G, Öhman U. Post hemorhagic changes in plasma water and extracellular fluid volumes in rat. J Trauma. 1981;21:870–877
  66. Lyon RP, Stanton JR, Freis ED, Smithwick RH. Blood and ‘available fluid’ (thiocyanate) volume studies in surgical patients. Part I. Normal patterns of response of the blood volume, available fluid, protein, chloride and hematocrit in the postoperative surgical patient. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1949;89:9–19
  67. McNeill IF, Dixon JP, Moore FD. The effects of haemorrhage and hormones on the partition of body water II. The effects of acute single and multiple haemorrhage and adrenal corticosteroids in the dog. J Surg Res. 1963;3:332–343
  68. Middleton ES, Mathews R, Shires T. Radio sulphate as a measure of the extracellular fluid in acute hemorrhagic shock. Ann Surg. 1969;170:174–186
  69. Moore FD, Ball MR, Codding MB. The Metabolic Response to Surgery. Illinois: Springfield; 1952;
  70. Moore FD, Dagher FJ, Boyden CM, et al. Hemorrhage in normal man:I. Distribution and dispersal of saline infusions following acute blood loss: clinical kinetics of blood volume support. Arch Surg. 1966;163:485–504
  71. Newton WT, Pease HD, Butcher HR. Sodium and sulphate space as a measure of extracellular fluid. Surg Forum. 1969;20:1–2
  72. Nielsen OM, Engell HC. Extracellular fluid volume and distribution in relation to changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure after major surgery. Acta Chir Scand. 1985;151:221–225
  73. Pacifico AD, Digerness S, Kirklin JW. Acute alterations of body composition after open intracardiac operations. Circulation. 1970;41:331–341
  74. Pluth JR, Cleland J, Meador CK, et al. Effect of surgery on volume distribution. Compartments pools and spaces in medical physiology. In:  Bregner PE,  Lusbauch CC,  Anderson EB editor. Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies. Oak Ridge: US Atomic Energy Commission, USA; 1966;p. 217–240
  75. Reid DJ, Digerness S, Kirklin JW. Intracellular fluid volume in surgical patients measured by the simultaneous determination of total body water and extracellular fluid. Surg Forum. 1967;18:29–30
  76. Reid DJ. Intracellular and extracellular fluid volume during surgery. Br J Surg. 1968;55:596
  77. Roberts JP, Roberts JD, Skinner C, et al. Extracellular fluid deficit following operation and its correction with Ringer's lactate. Ann Surg. 1985;202:1–8
  78. Roth E, Lax LC, Maloney JV. Ringer's lactate solution and extracellular fluid volume in the surgical patient: a critical analysis. Ann Surg. 1969;169:149–164
  79. Shizgal HM, Lopez GA, Gutelius JR. Extracellular fluid volume changes following hemorrhagic shock. Surg Forum. 1967;18:35–36
  80. Shizgal HM, Lopez GA, Gutelius JR. Effects of experimental haemorrhagic shock on extracellular water volume. Ann Surg. 1972;176:736–741
  81. Shizgal HM, Solomon S, Gutelius JR. Body water distribution after operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1977;144:35–41
  82. Stahl WM. Intraoperative volume support by sodium infusion: an approach to quantitation. Surg Forum. 1967;18:30–32
  83. Stewart JD, Rourke GM. Changes in blood and intestinal fluid resulting from surgical operation and ether anaesthesia. J Clin Invest. 1938;17:413–416
  84. Vineyard GC, Osborne DP. Simultaneous determination of extracellular water by 35-sulphate and 82-bromide in dogs, with a note on the acute effects of hypotensive shock. Surg Forum. 1967;18:37–39
  85. Virgilio RW, Homer LD, Herman CM, et al. The effect of hemorrhagic shock on the extracellular fluid space in the nephrectomized baboon. Ann Surg. 1970;171:261–268
  86. Virtue RW, Levine DS, Aikawa JK. Fluid shifts during the surgical period: RISA and 35S determinations following glucose, saline, or lactate infusions. Ann Surg. 1966;163:523–528
  87. Anderson RW, Simmons RL, Collins JA, et al. Plasma volume and sulphate spaces in acute combat casualties. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1969;128:719–724
  88. Kragelund E, Dyrbye MO. Sulphate space in the human organism after intravenous administration of radio sulphate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1967;19:319–324
  89. Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK. Handbook of Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincot, Williams & Wilkins; 1999;
  90. Engquist A. Stress inducerede væske- og elektrolyt forandringer. Rationel Væske-Elektrolytbehandling og Ernæring, 1993. København: Munksgaard; 1993;p. 218–23
  91. Kragelund E. Loss of fluid and blood to the peritoneal cavity during abdominal surgery. Surgery. 1971;69:284–287
  92. Kleinman W. Spinal, epidural, & caudal blocks. In:  Morgan GE,  Mikhail MS,  Murray MJ editor. Clinical Anesthesiology, International. 3rd edn. NY, USA: Lange medical books/McGraw-Hill medical publishing division; 2002;
  93. Clark RB, Thompson DS, Thompson CH. Prevention of spinal hypotension associated with caesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1976;45:670–674
  94. Fanelli G, Casati A, Berti M, Rossignoli L. Incidence of hypotension and bradycardia during integrated epidural/general anaesthesia. An epidemiological observational study on 1200 consecutive patients. Italian study group on integrated anaesthesia. Minerva Anestesiologica. 1998;64:313–319
  95. Wollman SB, Marx GF. Acute hydration for prevention of hypotension of spinal anesthesia in parturients. Anesthesiology. 1968;29:374–380
  96. Hahn RG. Haemoglobin dilution from epidural-induced hypotension with and without fluid loading. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1992;36:241–244
  97. Jackson R, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 1995;75:262–265
  98. Kinsella SM, Pirlet M, Mills MS, et al. Randomized study of intravenous fluid preload before epidural analgesia during labour. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:311–313
  99. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, et al. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before caesarean delivery on maternal haemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:299–303
  100. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, et al. A re-evaluation in the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:262–269
  101. Hawthorne L, Slaymaker A, Bamber J, Dresner M. Effect of fluid preload on maternal haemodynamics for low-dose epidural analgesia in labour. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2001;10:312–315
  102. Cheek TG, Samuels P, Miller F, et al. Normal saline i.v. fluid load decreases uterine activity in active labour. Br J Anaesth. 1996;77:632–635
  103. Nishimura N, Kajimoto Y, Kabe T, Sakamoto A. The effect of volume loading during epidural analgesia. Resuscitation. 1985;13:31–39
  104. Kubli M, Shennan AH, Seed PT, O'Sullivan G. A randomised controlled trial of fluid pre-loading before low dose epidural analgesia for labour. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2003;12:256–260
  105. Conway DH, Mayall R, Abdul-Latif MS, et al. Randomised controlled trial investigating the influence of intravenous fluid titration using oesophageal doppler monitoring during bowel surgery. Anaesthesia. 2002;57:845–849
  106. Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, et al. Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:820–826
  107. Mythen MG, Webb AR. Perioperative plasma volume expansion reduces the incidence of gut mucosal hypoperfusion during cardiac surgery. Arch Surg. 1995;130:423–429
  108. Schultz RJ, Whitfield GF, Lamura JJ, et al. The role of physiologic monitoring in patients with fractures of the hip. J Trauma. 1985;25:309–316
  109. Sinclair S, James S, Singer M. Intraoperative intravascular volume optimisation and length of hospital stay after repair of proximal femoral fracture: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 1997;315:909–912
  110. Venn R, Steele A, Richardson P, et al. Randomized controlled trial to investigate influence of the fluid challenge on duration of hospital stay and perioperative morbidity in patients with hip fractures. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88:65–71
  111. Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, et al. Intraoperative volume expansion guided by esophageal doppler improves postoperative outcome and shortens hospital stay. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:A537
  112. Price J, Sear J, Venn R. Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (cochrane review). The Cochrane Library; 2002.
  113. Bender JS, Smith-Meek MA, Jones CE. Routine pulmonary artery catherization does not reduce morbidity and mortality of elective vascular surgery. Results of a prospective, randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1997;226:229–236
  114. Berlauck JF, Abrams JH, Gilmour IJ, et al. Perioperative optimization of cardiovascular hemodynamics improves outcome in peripheral vascular surgery. A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 1991;214:297
  115. Bonazzi M, Gentile F, Biasi GM, et al. Impact of perioperative haemodynamic monitoring on cardiac morbidity after major vascular surgery in low risk patients. A randomised pilot trial. Eur J Vasc Surg. 2002;445–451
  116. Boyd O, Grounds RM, Bennet ED. A randomized clinical trial of the effect of deliberate perioperative increase of oxygen delivery on mortality in high risk surgical patients. J Am Med Assoc. 1993;270:2699–2707
  117. Lobo SMA, Salgado PF, Castillo VGT, et al. Effects of maximizing oxygen delivery on morbidity and mortality in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3396–3404
  118. Pölönen P, Ruokonen E, Hippeläinen M, et al. A prospective, randomized study of goal oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:1052–1059
  119. Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. New Engl J Med. 2003;348:5–14
  120. Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high risk surgical patients. Chest. 1987;94:1176–1186
  121. Takala J, Meier-Hellmann A, Eddelston J, et al. Effect of dopexamine on outcome after major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized, controlled multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:3417–3423
  122. Wilson J, Woods I, Fawcett J, et al. Reducing the risk of major elective surgery: randomised controlled trial of preoperative optimisation of oxygen delivery. Br Med J. 1999;318:1099–1103
  123. Ziegler DW, Wright JG, Choban PS, Fancbaum L. A prospective randomized trial of preoperative ‘optimization’ of cardiac function in patients undergoing elective peripheral vascular surgery. Surgery. 1997;122:584–592
  124. Holte K, Sharrock N, Kehlet H. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:622–632
  125. Brandstrup B. Restricted intravenous fluid therapy in colorectal surgery, results of a clinical randomised multi centre trial. University of Copenhagen. 27-6-2003 (Thesis/Dissertation); 2003.
  126. Bennett J, McDonald T, Lieblich S, Piecuch J. Perioperative rehydration in ambulatory anesthesia for dent alveolar surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1999;88:279–284
  127. Elhakim M, el-Sebiae S, Kaschef N, Essawi GH. Intravenous fluid and postoperative nausea and vomiting after day-case termination of pregnancy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42:216–219
  128. Keane PW, Murray PF. Intravenous fluids in minor surgery. Their effect on recovery from anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1986;41:635–637
  129. Spencer EM. Intravenous fluids in minor gynaecological surgery. Their effect on postoperative morbidity. Anaesthesia. 1988;43:1050–1051
  130. Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng DC, Chung F. A prospective randomized double-blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:682–686
  131. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy—a randomized, double blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47(supplement):79
  132. Magner JJ, McCaul C, Carton E, et al. Effect of intraoperative intravenous crystalloid infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy: comparison of 30 and 10mL/kg. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93:381–385

PII: S1521-6896(05)00080-7

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.10.007

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 20, Issue 2 , Pages 265-283 , June 2006

Article Tools