Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 20, Issue 1 , Pages 23-29 , March 2006

Anaesthesia defined (Gentlemen, this is no humbug)

  • Edmond I Eger II, MD (Professor)

      Affiliations

    • Drs Eger is a paid consultant to Baxter Healthcare Corp.
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Box 0464, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA. Tel.: +1 415 476 6927; fax: +1 415 502 5375.
    • ,
  • James M. Sonner, MD (Associate Professor)

References 

  1. Snow J. On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether in Surgical Operations: Containing a description of the Various Stages of Etherization, and a statement of the Result of Nearly Eighty Operations in which Ether Has Been Employed in St. George's and University College Hospitals. London: John Churchill; 1847;p. 53
  2. Bert P. Sur la possibilite d'obtenir, a l'aide du protoxyde d'azote, une insensibilite de longue duree, et sur l'innocuite de cet anesthesique. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris). 1878;87:728–730
  3. Bert P. Anesthesie par de protoxyde d'azote melange—d'oxygene et employ sour prission. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris). 1879;89:132–135
  4. Katoh T, Ikeda K. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in humans. Anesthesiology. 1987;66:301–303
  5. Firestone S, Firestone L, Ferguson C, Blanck D. Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, decreases the general anesthetic requirement in Rana pipiens tadpoles. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993;77:1026–1030
  6. Sonner J, Gong D, Li J, et al. Mouse strain modestly influences minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration and convulsivity of inhaled compounds. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999;89:1030–1034
  7. Aida H, Mizuno Y, Hobo S, et al. Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and physical response to sevoflurane inhalation in horses. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 1994;56:1161–1165
  8. Ashworth J, Smith I. Comparison of desflurane with isoflurane or propofol in spontaneously breathing ambulatory patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998;87:312–318
  9. Eger EI. Age, minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-awake. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001;93:947–953
  10. Stoelting RK, Longnecker DE, Eger EI. Minimal alveolar concentrations on awakening from methoxyflurane, halothane, ether and fluroxene in man: MAC awake. Anesthesiology. 1970;33:5–9
  11. Dwyer R, Bennett HL, Eger EI, Heilbron D. Effects of isoflurane and nitrous oxide in subanesthetic concentrations on memory and responsiveness in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:888–898
  12. Dwyer R, Bennett HL, Eger EI, Peterson N. Isoflurane anesthesia prevents unconscious learning. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992;75:107–112
  13. Saucier N, Walts LF, Moreland JR. Patient awareness during nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1983;62:239–240
  14. Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, et al. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2004;99:833–839
  15. Levinson BW. States of awareness during general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1965;37:544–546
  16. Levinson B. The states of awareness in anaesthesia in 1965. In:  Bonke B,  Millar K editor. Awareness and Memory During Anaesthesia. Amsterdam: Swets; 1990;p. 11–18
  17. Chortkoff BS, Gonsowski CT, Bennett HL, et al. Subanesthetic concentrations of desflurane and propofol suppress recall of emotionally charged information. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995;81:728–736
  18. John ER, Prichep LS. The anesthetic cascade: a theory of how anesthesia suppresses consciousness. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:447–471
  19. Tatsumi K, Hirai K, Furuya H, Okuda T. Effects of sevoflurane on the middle latency auditory evoked response and the electroencephalographic power spectrum. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995;80:940–943
  20. France CJ, Plumer HM, Eger EI, Wahrenbrock EA. Ventilatory effects of isoflurane (Forane) or halothane when combined with morphine, nitrous oxide and surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1974;46:117–120
  21. Roizen MF, Horrigan RW, Frazer BF. Anesthetic doses blocking adrenergic (stress) and cardiovascular responses to incision—MAC BAR. Anesthesiology. 1981;54:390–398
  22. Caldwell J, Laster M, Magorian T, et al. The neuromuscular effects of desflurane, alone and combined with pancuronium or succinylcholine in humans. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:412–418
  23. Miller RD, Eger EI, Way WL, et al. Comparative neuromuscular effects of Forane and halothane alone and in combination with d-tubocurarine in man. Anesthesiology. 1971;35:38–42
  24. Hornbein TF, Eger EI, Winter PM, et al. The minimum alveolar concentration of nitrous oxide in man. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1982;61:553–556
  25. Daniel M, Weiskopf RB, Noorani M, Eger EI. Fentanyl augments the blockade of the sympathetic response to incision (MAC-BAR) produced by desflurane and isoflurane. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:43–49

PII: S1521-6896(05)00053-4

doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2005.07.011

Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
Volume 20, Issue 1 , Pages 23-29 , March 2006

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